1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题实际汇率与中美双边贸易影响研究资料来源中国经济观察作者SAANGJOONBAAK摘要本文主要研究的是人民币和美元之间的实际汇率波动对中美两国双边贸易的影响。从1986年第一季度到2006年第二季度的各种实验数据可以看出,在1994年第一季度有一次结构性的突破,根据出口方程式的预估模型,采用了1995年第一季度到2006年第二季度的季度数据进行分析,根据协整向量的估计,人民币每贬值1就能使中国对美国的的出口提升17,美元每贬值1可以使美国对中国的出口提升04。关键词中美双边贸易;结构性突破;稳定性测验1简介众所周知,自1994年起中国开始实施人民币与美元挂钩
2、的变相固定汇率制度。在过去的十年时间里,中国取得的经济成就另世界瞩目。持续快速的经济发展以及巨大的贸易顺差和巨额经常账户盈余的积累令世人惊叹。因此,美国和其他的一些主要贸易伙伴坚定不移地认为人民币对美元的汇率被大大的低估了,他们开始反复地敦促中国政府进行人民币升值或者实行一个更加灵活、更具弹性的汇率制度(CHANG和PARKER,2004FUNKE和RAHN,2005)。进入2005年后,美国政府开始对人民币升值施加更大的压力,最终,中国政府在2005年7月21日宣布人民币兑美元汇率一次性升值21。此外,中国政府还宣布中国开始实施参考一篮子货币的有管理的浮动汇率制度(纽约时报,2005722;
3、经济学家,2005728)。这种更有弹性的汇率制度的实行立刻受到了西方国家和西方政府官员的热烈欢迎。然后,他们很开发现,人民币这21的汇率升值为他们所带来的改变比他们所期望的要小的多(纽约时报,2005727)。从那时起,人民币兑美元的汇率从调整前的8277不断升值,直到2006年底人民币兑美元汇率已经升值到7864。尽管人民币在这期间持续升值,但是西方的经济学家和政府官员依然坚定地认为人民币还有很大的升值空间,应该继续升值。例如,2007年5月11日,前美国联邦储备委员会主席艾伦格林斯潘曾在纽约时报上发表言论,称人民币是一个典型的“人为弱势货币”。因此,围绕着人民币升值的问题还远未得到解决。
4、在这里个经济问题已经广泛涉及到国家之间政治和外交舞2台的时代,经济学家针对这个问题展开了广泛的研究并产生了大量的学术论文。其中,让大部分学者感兴趣的是人民币的汇率是否真的被低估了,如果确实是被低估了,那么被低估了多少(CHOU和SHIH,1998;CHANG和SHAO,2004;YANG,2004;ZHANG和PAN,2004;FUNKE和RAHN,2005)。而另一批学者讨论的是如何更好地调控人民币汇率或者中国政府可以采取怎样可行措施来抵御人民币升值的压力。不管如何,可以肯定的是人民币的升值压力主要来自于中国的主要贸易伙伴以及对中国存在贸易逆差的少数国家。于是一些学者便开始研究人民币汇率对中
5、国的对外贸易到底有多少影响。尽管这一系列的论文使人们加深了汇率和中国贸易这几个概念以及他们之间相关问题的理解,但令人吃惊的是却很少有人因为考虑到最近的人民币升值压力来自于想要减少贸易赤字的贸易伙伴而去研究人民币价值与汇率对中国与贸易伙伴之间的双边贸易的影响。在此背景下,本论文旨在通过大量的真实数据分析,从而确定人民币和美元两者双边实际汇率对中美两国双边贸易的实际影响程度,并且探究双方汇率波动对两国双边贸易的量化影响。事实上,美国是中国最重要的贸易伙伴,而中国也是美国不可缺少的贸易伙伴之一,两国之间贸易往来频繁,贸易关系极其密切。2004中国庞大的出口中,美国市场就占了其中的228,远远超过香港
6、市场(162和日本市场124,它甚至超过了欧盟的市场份额181。同时,美国也是中国的第三大进口国(773),紧随日本(1612)和韩国(1035)。2004年,中国市场是美国的第五大出口市场(431),仅排在加拿大(2298),墨西哥(1360),日本(674)和英国(442)之后。而中国从美国进口商品达到1367,仅此于加拿大(1709)。为了确定人民币汇率升值对中美两国双边贸易的影响,本文将选用中国1986年第二季度到2006年第二季度的月度出口数据和美国1991年第一季度到2006年第二季度的月度出口数据来进行分析。本文立足于一国与另一国之间的出口,并引入了其他相关的经济影响因素,包括人
7、民币的实际汇率,来进行协整分析,研究长期的协整关系。一般来说,一个国家的实际出口量是一国与他国之间双边实际汇率和其他各种经济变量的函数,比如进口国的国内生产总值,一进口国和另一出口国之间的双边实际汇率以及汇率波动。由于本文论述的是两个国家,所以只检测和确定两方的出口关系3(从中国出口到美国和从美国出口到中国)。所以应该适当地介绍这两个经济变量。考虑到在长期关系中存在模型突变的情况,本文采用SAIKKOEN和LUTKEPOHL(2000A,B,C)的协整检验的建议,设立了一个存在结构突变的协整向量模型。实验结果表明各功能变量之间存在着相互间的协整关系。研究结果表明,人民币汇率升值对中国的出口量有
8、一个长期的负面影响关系。同样的,美国货币的价值升值对美国的出口也存在一个长期的负面影响关系。因此,从长远来看,在其他变量不变的情况下,人民币升值预期对于美国出口中国存在积极影响,但是对中国出口美国却存在消极影响。此外,实验结果表明,人民币实际汇率升值对中国出口的消极影响要大于对美国出口的积极影响。4外文文献原文TITLETHEBILATERALREALEXCHANGERATESANDTRADEBETWEENCHINAANDTHEUSMATERIALSOURCECHINAECONOMICREVIEWAUTHORSAANGJOONBAAKABSTRACTTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHEIM
9、PACTSOFTHEREALEXCHANGERATESBETWEENTHERENMINBIANDTHEUSDOLLARONTHETRADEBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESBECAUSEVARIOUSTESTSWITHTHEQUARTERLYDATAFROM1986Q1TO2006Q2IMPLYASTRUCTURALBREAKAROUND1994Q1,THEEXPORTEQUATIONSAREESTIMATEDUSINGTHEQUARTERLYDATAFROM1995Q1TO2006Q2ACCORDINGTOTHEESTIMATIONOFCOINTEGRATINGVECTORS,1D
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13、DMOVETOAMANAGEDFLOATOFTHERENMINBITOABASKETOFCURRENCIESTHENEWYORKTIMES,2005JULY22NDTHEECONOMIST,2005JULY28THTHISCHANGEWASIMMEDIATELYWELCOMEDBYWESTERNOFFICIALSHOWEVER,THE21CHANGEWASSMALLERTHANTHEYHADEXPECTEDTHENEWYORKTIMES,2005JULY27THSINCETHEN,THECHINESERENMINBIHASAPPRECIATEDFURTHERFROM8277BEFORETHER
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15、THEVALUEOFTHERENMINBIISSTILLFARFROMRESOLVEDWHILETHISECONOMICISSUEHASBEENHARSHLYDEBATEDINTHEPOLITICALANDDIPLOMATICARENA,ECONOMISTSHAVEALSOPRODUCEDASUBSTANTIALNUMBEROFPAPERSONTHEISSUEMOSTLY,THEYAREINTERESTEDINTHEOPTIMALEXCHANGERATEOFTHECHINESECURRENCYANDEXAMINEWHETHERTHERENMINBIISUNDERVALUEDAND,IFSO,B
16、YHOWMUCHCHOUANDSHIH,1998CHANGANDSHAO,2004YANG,2004ZHANGANDPAN,2004FUNKEANDRAHN,2005ANOTHERGROUPOFPAPERSDISCUSSOPTIMALADJUSTMENTOFTHERENMINBITUNGANDBAKER,2004,ORPOSSIBLESTRATEGIESOFTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTTOMITIGATETHEAPPRECIATIONPRESSURELU,2004SUNANDMA,2005HOWEVER,EVENTHOUGHTHEAPPRECIATIONPRESSUREISMAIN
17、LYBASEDONTHETRADEIMBALANCEBETWEENCHINAANDITSTRADINGPARTNERS,ARELATIVELYSMALLNUMBEROFPAPERSHAVEINVESTIGATEDTHEIMPACTOFTHEEXCHANGERATESOFTHECHINESECURRENCYONTHECHINESETRADEAMONGTHESEFEWPAPERS,ZHANG1999ANDZHANG2001ASSESSCHINASFOREIGNEXCHANGEREFORMANDEXAMINEITSEFFECTSONTHECHINESETRADEBALANCEORTHECHINESE
18、EXPORTSZHANG1999ANALYZESTHEMONTHLYDATAFORTHEPERIODFROMJANUARY1986TOJANUARY1997ANDCONCLUDESTHATTHEREFORMHADTHEEXCHANGERATEMODERATELYINFLUENCETHETRADEBALANCEINTHELONGRUNZHANG2001,BASEDONTHEEMPIRICALTESTSWITHTHEQUARTERLYDATACOVERINGTHEPERIODFROMTHEFIRSTQUARTEROF1981TOTHEFOURTHQUARTEROF1993,ARGUESTHATEX
19、CHANGEREFORMSOFCHINAAFFORDINGREALISTICEXCHANGERATESHAVECONTRIBUTEDTOCHINASEXPORTEXPANSIONSIGNIFICANTLYCHOU2000ANALYZINGTHEQUARTERLYDATAFORTHEPERIODFROMTHEFIRSTQUARTEROF1981TOTHEFOURTHQUARTEROF1996,SHOWSEXCHANGERATEVARIABILITYHASALONGRUNNEGATIVEIMPACTONTHECHINESEEXPORTSTANG2003ESTIMATESCHINASAGGREGAT
20、EIMPORTDEMANDFUNCTIONUSINGTHEANNUALTIMESERIESDATAFROM1970TO1999ANDREPORTSTHEVOLUMEOFIMPORTSHAVEALONGRUNEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPWITHDOMESTICECONOMICACTIVITYANDRELATIVEPRICES1EVENTHOUGHTHEPAPERSLISTEDABOVECONTRIBUTEDTODEEPENINGOURUNDERSTANDINGOFSOMEISSUESRELATEDTOEXCHANGERATESANDTHECHINESETRADE,ITISSUR
21、PRISINGTHATTHEIMPACTSOFTHEVALUEOFTHERENMINBIONTHEBILATERALTRADEBETWEENCHINAANDITSTRADINGPARTNERSHAVERARELYBEENSTUDIED,CONSIDERINGRECENTAPPRECIATIONPRESSUREAIMSTOREDUCETHETRADEDEFICITOFPARTNERCOUNTRIES6AGAINSTTHISBACKGROUND,THISPRESENTPAPERAIMSTODETERMINETHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEBILATERALREALEXCHANGERATESB
22、ETWEENTHECHINESERENMINBIANDTHEUSDOLLARAFFECTTHEBILATERALTRADEBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESINFACT,THEUSISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTRADINGPARTNEROFCHINA,ANDCHINAISONEOFTHEMAJORTRADINGPARTNERSOFTHEUSASOF2004,2THESHAREOFTHEUSMARKETINTHECHINESEEXPORTSWAS228,FAREXCEEDINGTHATOFTHEHONGKONGMARKET162ORTHEJAPANESEMARKET124ITW
23、ASBIGGERTHANEVENTHESHAREOFTHEEUROPEANUNIONMARKET181THESHAREOFTHEUSPRODUCTSINTHECHINESEIMPORTSISTHETHIRDBIGGEST773,FOLLOWINGTHEJAPANESE1612ANDTHEKOREANPRODUCTS1035INTHESAMEYEAR,THESHAREOFTHECHINESEMARKET431INTHEUSEXPORTSWASTHEFIFTHBIGGEST,FOLLOWINGTHOSEOFCANADA2298,MEXICO1360,JAPAN674,ANDTHEUK442THES
24、HAREOFCHINESEPRODUCTSINTHEUSIMPORTSWAS1367,BEHINDONLYTHATOFTHECANADIANPRODUCTS1709TODETERMINETHEIMPACTSOFTHEEXCHANGERATESOFTHERENMINBIONTHEBILATERALTRADEBETWEENCHINAANDTHEUS,THISPAPERANALYZESTHEQUARTERLYTRADEDATABETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESFORTHEPERIODFROM1986Q2TO2006Q2FORTHECHINESEEXPORTSANDFORTHEPERIODF
25、ROM1991Q1TO2006Q2FORTHEUSEXPORTS3FOLLOWINGTHEWORKOFARIZE,OSANG,ANDSLOTTJE2000BAAK,ALMAHMOOD,ANDVIXATHEP2007BAUM,CAGLAYAN,ANDOZKAN2001CHOU2000CHOWDHURY1993ANDHASSANANDTUFTE1998AMONGOTHERS,THISSTUDYEXAMINESTHELONGRUNRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEEXPORTSFROMONECOUNTRYTOTHEOTHERANDOTHERECONOMICFACTORS,INCLUDING
26、THEREALEXCHANGERATEOFTHECHINESERENMINBI,BYPERFORMINGCOINTEGRATIONTESTSINPARTICULAR,THEVOLUMEOFTHEREALEXPORTSFROMONECOUNTRYTOTHEOTHERISAFUNCTIONOFTHEBILATERALREALEXCHANGERATESBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESANDOTHERECONOMICVARIABLES,SUCHASTHEGDPOFTHEIMPORTINGCOUNTRY,THEBILATERALREALEXCHANGERATESBETWEENTHEIMPOR
27、TINGCOUNTRYANDANOTHEREXPORTINGCOUNTRYSAYKOREAASACOMPETITORTOCHINAINTHEUSMARKETANDGERMANYASACOMPETITORTOTHEUSINTHECHINESEMARKETANDEXCHANGERATEVOLATILITYBECAUSETHISPAPERDEALSWITHTWOCOUNTRIES,TWOEXPORTFUNCTIONSEXPORTSFROMCHINATOUSANDEXPORTSFROMUSTOCHINAARETESTEDANDESTIMATEDACCORDINGLY,APPROPRIATEEXPLAN
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29、TEGRATEDRELATIONSHIPAMONGTHEVARIABLESINEACHEXPORTFUNCTIONBASEDONTHERESULTS,THECOINTEGRATINGVECTORSORTHEEXPORTFUNCTIONSAREESTIMATEDBYTHEFULLYMODIFIEDOLSOFPHILLIPSANDHANSEN1990FORTHEWHOLEPERIODHOWEVER,BECAUSETHEHANSEN1992A,BSTABILITYTESTSTRONGLYINDICATESTHEINSTABILITYINTHEESTIMATEDPARAMETERVALUESANDBE
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31、THEHANSEN1992A,BSTABILITYTESTACCEPTSTHENULLHYPOTHESISOFSTABLEPARAMETERVALUESEVENATTHE10SIGNIFICANCELEVELFOLLOWINGTHEESTIMATIONOFTHECOINTEGRATINGVECTORS,THESHORTRUNIMPACTSOFTHEREALEXCHANGERATESAREEXAMINEDBYESTIMATINGERRORCORRECTIONMODELSTHEESTIMATIONRESULTSSHOWTHATTHECURRENCYVALUEOFCHINAHASLONGRUNNEG
32、ATIVEIMPACTSONTHEEXPORTVOLUMEOFCHINASIMILARLY,THECURRENCYVALUEOFTHEUSTURNSOUTTOHAVELONGRUNNEGATIVEIMPACTSONTHEEXPORTVOLUMEOFTHEUSTHEREFORE,THERECENTREVALUATIONOFTHECHINESERENMINBIISEXPECTEDTOHAVEPOSITIVEIMPACTSONTHEUSEXPORTSTOCHINA,BUTNEGATIVEIMPACTSONTHECHINESEEXPORTSTOTHEUSINTHELONGRUN,IFOTHERFACT
33、ORSARENOTCHANGEDINADDITION,TESTRESULTSPREDICTTHENEGATIVEIMPACTONTHECHINESEEXPORTSWILLBEBIGGERINITSABSOLUTEVALUETHANTHEPOSITIVEIMPACTONTHEUSEXPORTSINTHEMEANTIME,TESTRESULTSSHOWDEPRECIATIONOFTHEKOREANCURRENCYHASNEGATIVEBUTONLYMARGINALLYSIGNIFICANTIMPACTSONTHEEXPORTSOFCHINAWHILEDEPRECIATIONOFTHEGERMANC
34、URRENCYHASSIGNIFICANTLYNEGATIVEIMPACTSONTHEEXPORTSOFTHEUSINADDITION,ITISREVEALEDTHATEXCHANGERATEVOLATILITYNEGATIVELYINFLUENCESTHECHINESEEXPORTS,BUTITDOESNOTHAVESIGNIFICANTINFLUENCESONTHEUSEXPORTS6FINALLY,THECOEFFICIENTSOFTHEGDPOFTHEIMPORTINGCOUNTRIESINTHETWOCOINTEGRATIONEQUATIONSAREESTIMATEDTOBESIGN
35、IFICANTLYPOSITIVEINFACT,THEIRCOEFFICIENTSAREFARGREATERTHANTHOSEOFEXCHANGERATESINCONTRASTTOTHECASEOFTHELONGRUNRELATIONSHIPS,THEESTIMATIONSOFTHEERROR8CORRECTIONMODELSREVEALTHATSHORTRUNIMPACTSOFTHEVARIABLESARENOTCLEARLYDETECTEDFROMTHEDATAEXAMINEDFOREITHERTHECHINESEEXPORTSORTHEUSEXPORTSHOWEVER,ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATTHEESTIMATIONSOFTHEERRORCORRECTIONMODELSRECONFIRMTHEPRESENCEOFTHECOINTEGRATINGVECTORS