1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题水产品贸易和市场准入的威胁与机遇（节选）资料来源渔业、水产养殖和食品安全作者邓肯彼得利特人们进行水产品贸易已经有很长一段时间的历史，这种跨越国界的贸易在过去的20年里正在快速的增长着。随着水产品贸易的飞速发展，不可否认给自然环境带来很多影响，比如渔业资源。但是飞速发展的水产品贸易并不是威胁渔业的终极原因，只有采取可持续发展的道路，以及拥有良好的管理经营经验才能保持渔业资源的可持续发展。我们必须用更长远的眼光看到水产品贸易增长在社会变化中的影响。贸易的增加是否会出现一个机遇或威胁取决于个人获得或者损失一些经济利益或者通过其他方法。1贸易和渔业相关问题11贸易
2、利益和成本在一般情况下，贸易有利于经济的发展，而且贸易的发展会给人们带来利益。根据DEERE2000预计,贸易所带来的积极的影响包括这几个方面（1）比较优势国家可以专门生产自身具有自然优势的产品（2）可以产生更高的经济增长从而带来一些有益的用途，比如减少贫困（3）产品和服务来自由最便宜的生产商从而降低价格（4）为消费者带来更多的选择（5）可以降低由于资源不合理利用所带来的一些负面环境影响当然，贸易具有一些负面影响，比如政府不会从中得利；贸易会刺激环境退化，包括过度捕捞；廉价的成本可能是由于法律的缺陷；贸易可能会带来运输相关的污染；贸易可以影响工作和相关社会团体；国际贸易制度存在缺陷；食品安全。
3、政府管理是控制贸易所带来的影响的核心。政治活动不可避免的影响着贸易利益的分配。此外，没有相应的法律去控制资源利用，贸易会给环境带来负面的影响。对于渔业，贸易可能是一个刺激过度捕捞的因素，但是管理不善是核心原因。而有一些人认为利用贸易管理去保护渔业资源是一个没有保障的方法。正如上面所提到的，渔业已经进入了全球贸易体系，尤其是一些发展中国家。人们预想水产品贸易会促进出2口国的发展，随着贸易的发展将会带来给多的利益，事实上，水产品贸易的发展仍然存在很多问题，比如，水产品贸易会影响沿海地区的千年的文化。因此，贸易到底是服务社会还是带来负面影响仍然是个问题。12关税壁垒根据THEURUGUAYROUND
4、OFTHEGATT，相关的措施已经降低一部分海产品的关税，但是一些国家仍然存在关税问题。比如，台湾和韩国仍旧对一些海产品收取相当高的关税。欧盟也存在相应的问题，尤其是针对加工的水产品。有些国家通过签署双方贸易合约来降低关税，近期，欧盟与非洲国家签署了类似的关税合约。从长远来看，关税可以带来正面和负面的影响。正如日本政府所言，关税壁垒可以保护本土的相关产业不受便宜的产品进口从而减少过度捕捞。当然，有人争论自由贸易可能会减少过度捕捞。13技术壁垒每个国家都有正对产品和服务的相关规定，就水产品而言，存在很多规定去确保水产品的安全性，这些条规相对应的增加了成本。同时，在很大程度上使国内的渔业免受进口的
5、影响。有些国家通过充分利用WTO规则的漏洞,援引TBT，SPS等协议的例外条款,将环境及健康安全的考虑扩大化,采取以技术标准、检疫标准、卫生法规为核心的所有阻碍商品自由流动。14补贴政府对于渔业的补贴仅仅排在农业，飞机制造业，能源后，近60亿美金的补贴刺激过度捕捞和贸易扭曲。政府给予补贴从而成本降低，同时竞争压力的减少破坏了贸易中的竞争优势。15非法捕捞非法捕捞通常很少被视为犯罪，非法捕捞所带来的低成本促使了过度捕捞。不完善的律条和法律使得捕鱼者放弃非法捕捞所带来的利益。尤其在一些发展中国家，相关法律的不完善没能让渔业的生产商认识到非法捕捞的严重性。16威胁和机会在过去的几十年里，渔业不断的发
6、展。随着贸易自由化，水产品贸易具有更多的机会新产品，新市场，针对捕捉，加工，运输技术的改革。对于发展中国家，渔业的发展提供的新的工作岗位，从而降低了失业率。但是管理的不完善在全世界范围造成一些负面影响。监管和控制的缺失，关税，政府补贴都是水产品贸易发展的威胁。32私营部门和贸易控制由于各种原因，私营企业对于有利于渔业贸易控制的制度有相当大的兴趣。不仅仅是制度所提供的运营框架，同时也给予了各种激励和能影响贸易盈利的障碍。就像政府在市场失灵的情况下所作的一样，私营企业会创建系统去弥补政府的不足去满足消费者的需求。但是，各种行业，非政府组织和政府形式组织之间互惠互利的联盟带来了各种问题。21捕捉跟踪
7、和识别控制非法捕捞的机制之一是正确认知鱼产品的种类和生产地域。非法捕捞已经威胁到产业活动的合法性，加上缺失政府的控制和管理，更加促使相关机制的发展。生态标签计划作为机制的核心组成部分，不仅安抚了客户，同时保障了品牌的完整性。例如，海洋管理理事会要求那些使用MSC标志的需要产销监管链证书以验证印有标志的产品来自于一个认证的养殖场。22TRAFFIC及其他环保团体TRAFFIC是一个研究和检测渔业贸易（以及其他植物和动物产品，其中大部分是列在濒危物种贸易公约）的非政府的环保团体。由于贸易给一些知名度高的品种，比如巴塔哥尼亚齿鱼和金枪鱼，所带来的负面影响促使TRAFFIC越来越多的参与渔业贸易相关问
8、题。该团体记录贸易流动，提供这些信息给有兴趣却没能力去获得的国家，尤其是发展中国家。又比如ENVIRONMENTALINVESTIGATIONAGENCY作为一个非营利组织提供了一些调查和情报区识别和揭露非法操作。23市场识别和消费者的作用虽然已经在使用了几十年，生态标签在1992的巴西世界首脑会议上被正式确认为一个有价值的自然资源管理工具。有调查显示，一些国家的消费者会优先选择有生态标签的产品，这正是生态标签的潜在价值。3将来的发展目前，超过10亿人依靠鱼类作为其蛋白质的主要来源，因此关于海产资源的未来已经产生了很多的讨论。例如，渔业管理是否能改善和保护资源水产养殖是否能在保护环境的情况下为
9、资源短缺提供保障贸易是否能提供一个公平的回报方式各国政府是否能保障贸易利益的合理分配事实上，良好的渔业管理和明智的政府管理是影响贸易的关键。有大量的证据表明，简单的集中在贸易，没有采取积极的措施将会产生一些短期和长期的负面影响。4根据DELGADOETAL2003所述，在1970至2001期间，发展中国家作为出口国不仅发展了其水产品贸易，同时也增加了其水产品的消费；发达国家减少了水产品的消费但是提高了其消费的产品种类。到了2020年，发展中国家将会消费世界海鲜总产量的79。随着海产品需求的增长，缺少合理的政府管理，各国将会面临更多问题（过度捕捞，非法捕捞）。当然，今后还会看到更多的贸易和环境之
10、间的协定，这意味着两者之间的优先次序仍然有待观察。总结对于全球那些相对贫苦的人为了生计利用不正当的手段进行非法捕鱼，我们可以通过国际谈判进行干预，这些都是促进我们完成目标的有利条件。我们可以很容易的找到证据来证明贸易既不是一种机遇，也不是一种挑战。不可否认的是，水产品贸易在一定程度上会限制海洋的生产力，选择一个好的渔业管理不仅不会看到过度捕捞的情形，相反还能合理开发海洋资源，保护海洋生产能力。是否能灵活适当的分配贸易所得，是如今最为巨大的挑战。然而毋庸赘言的是贸易并存着机遇或挑战（也有可能两者同时并存），降低不利影响关键的因素是将贸易本身透明化，政府并起着积极作用。这是许多没有对渔业贸易管理不
11、足的例子，特别是在发展中国家，这种例子就更加的多，这也是困扰着人们焦虑的根源。政府部门应该针对这些情况做出相应的解决方式，以确保合理的明智的开发海洋自然资源。5外文文献原文TITLESEAFOODTRADEANDMARKETACCESSTHREATSANDOPPORTUNITIESMATERIALSOURCEFISH,AQUACULTUREANDFOODSECURITYAUTHORDUNCANLEADBITTERHUMANSHAVEBEENTRADINGSEAFOODANDSEAFOODPRODUCTSSINCETIMEIMMEMORIALTHISTRADEHASCOMMONLYCROSSED
12、NATIONALBOUNDARIES,BUTTHESCALEOFTRADEHASINCREASEDMARKEDLYINTHEPASTTWENTYYEARSWHILSTTRADEHASUNDENIABLEIMPACTSONNATURALRESOURCESSUCHASFISHERIES,ITISNOTTHESOLEANDULTIMATEREASONFORTHEPERILOUSSTATEOFMANYFISHERIESINTHEWORLDTHESUSTAINABILITYOFFISHERIESISULTIMATELYDEPENDENTONGOODMANAGEMENT,WHETHERTRADEOCCUR
13、SORNOTTHEIMPACTSOFTHEINCREASINGTRADEINSEAFOODNEEDTOBESEENWITHINAWIDERCONTEXTOFSOCIETALCHANGEANDTHECAPACITIESOFCOMMUNITIESTOEMBRACEANDMANAGESUCHCHANGETHEQUESTIONOVERWHETHERINCREASEDTRADEPOSESANOPPORTUNITYORTHREATDEPENDSONTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHOSEWHOSTANDTOGAINORLOSEEITHERFINANCIALLYORINSOMEOTHERWAY。1TRAD
14、EANDFISHERIESWHATARETHEISSUES11BENEFITSANDCOSTSOFTRADEBYANDLARGETHEWORLDSNATIONSHAVEAGREEDTHATTRADE,INGENERAL,ISGOODFORECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDTHATINCREASEDTRADEWILLRESULTINBENEFITSFORPEOPLEACCORDINGTODEERE2000THEEXPECTEDPOSITIVEASPECTSOFTRADECOULDINCLUDECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEPRODUCERNATIONSCANSPECIALIS
15、EINAREASWHERETHEYHAVEANATURALADVANTAGEPOTENTIALTOGENERATEHIGHERECONOMICGROWTHWHICHCOULDBEALLOCATEDTOPOVERTYREDUCTIONANDOTHERBENEFICIALUSESREDUCEDPRICESFORCONSUMERSASGOODS/SERVICESARESOURCEDFROMTHECHEAPESTPRODUCERSGREATERCHOICEFORCONSUMERSPROTECTIONISMCANCAUSEENVIRONMENTALDAMAGEBYENCOURAGINGINEFFICIE
16、NTIEWASTEFULRESOURCEUSENOTSURPRISINGLYTHEREISACOUNTERVIEWWHICHCOVERSTHEFOLLOWINGTHEMES6GOVERNMENTSMAYNOTCOMPENSATEFORTRADEIMPACTSTRADECANPROMOTEENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATION,INCLUDINGOVERFISHINGLOWERCOSTSMAYBEDUETOWEAKERLAWS,IELAWSMAYNOTREQUIRESUFFICIENTINVESTMENTINMANAGEMENTCONTROLSTRADECANFACILITATETRA
17、NSPORTRELATEDPOLLUTIONTRADECANAFFECTJOBSANDCOMMUNITIESTHEINTERNATIONALSYSTEMOFTRADEGOVERNANCEHASPROBLEMSFOODSECURITYTHEISSUEOFGOVERNMENTCONTROLISCENTRALTOMANAGINGTHEIMPACTSOFTRADEPOLITICSINEVITABLYDISTORTEFFORTSTOEQUITABLYDISTRIBUTETHEBENEFITSOFTRADEINADDITION,WITHOUTADEQUATELAWSTHATCANCONTROLRESOUR
18、CEUSE,THEREISLITTLECHANCEOFPREVENTINGENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATIONOFANYSORT,WHETHERTRADEISINVOLVEDORNOTINTHECASEOFFISHERIES,TRADEMAYWELLBEONEOFANUMBEROFDRIVERSOFOVERFISHING,BUTTHEPRIMARYDRIVERISPOORMANAGEMENTWHEREASSOMEARGUETHATTHEUSEOFTRADECONTROLSTOSTEMDEMANDINORDERTOPROTECTFISHRESOURCESISANUNWARRANTED
19、DISTORTIONOFTHETRADINGSYSTEM,THEREHASBEENANUNDERSTANDABLETENDENCYTOUSEWHATEVERMEANSAREAVAILABLETOADDRESSFISHERYDECLINEINATIMELYMANNERASESTABLISHEDABOVE,ANINCREASINGPROPORTIONOFSEAFOODISENTERINGTHEWORLDTRADESYSTEM,ESPECIALLYFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWHEREASTHEEXPECTATIONISTHATTHISTRADEWILLIMPROVETHECIRC
20、UMSTANCESOFPEOPLEINTHEEXPORTINGNATIONS,ANDTHATMEASURESBEINGTAKENTOFACILITATETRADEWILLLEADTOFURTHERBENEFITS,THEREALITYISTHATTHEREREMAINSOMESIGNIFICANTISSUESTORESOLVEWHILSTITMAYBETRUETHATSOMEOFTHEBLOCKAGESTOREFORMMAYSIMPLYBEDUETOFEAROFCHANGEANDTHEINEVITABLEPOLITICALDEALMAKINGTHATSURROUNDSPOWERFULACTOR
21、SSEEKINGPROTECTION,THEREARESOMEGENUINECONCERNSABOUTTRADEIMPACTSONSOCIETALCHARACTERANDCULTUREFISHANDFISHINGAREINEXTRICABLYLINKEDWITHMANYCOASTALCULTURES,OFTENFORHUNDREDSIFNOTTHOUSANDSOFYEARSASWITHTHECASEOFAGRICULTURE,THEREAREVERYLEGITIMATECONCERNSABOUTTHERELATIVEDOMINANCEOFTRADEREFORMVERSUSCULTUREINOT
22、HERWORDS,ISTRADEATOOLTOSERVESOCIETYORVICEVERSA12TARIFFSFOLLOWINGTHEURUGUAYROUNDOFTHEGATT,SIGNIFICANTPROGRESSHASBEENMADEON7REDUCINGTHETARIFFSONMANYSEAFOODPRODUCTS,ALTHOUGHTHEREREMAINISSUESTOBERESOLVEDWITHCERTAINCOUNTRIESANDTARIFFESCALATIONALTHOUGHTHEAVERAGETARIFFRATEHASBEENMUCHREDUCED,THISMASKSSOMESI
23、GNIFICANTPEAKS,BOTHINTERMSOFCOUNTRIESANDSPECIESFOREXAMPLE,KOREAANDTAIWANHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDASMAINTAININGHIGHTARIFFSONALARGENUMBEROFSEAFOODPRODUCTSITSHOULDBENOTEDTHAT,INTHECASEOFKOREA,CHANGESINTHETARIFFREGIMEHAVEBEENACCOMPANIEDBYSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSINFISHERIESMANAGEMENT,SUCHASPROGRESSONTHEREMOVALOF
24、EXCESSFISHINGCAPACITYANDESTABLISHMENTOFMOREROBUSTCATCHCONTROLANDMONITORINGSYSTEMSLEE2004YEON2004THEGOVERNMENTHASMOVEDTOAMELIORATETHEIMPACTSOFTHESECHANGESVIASIGNIFICANTPUBLICINVESTMENTSFROMASUSTAINABILITYPERSPECTIVE,STRONGVIEWSAREHELDBYBOTHTHEPROPONENTSANDOPPONENTSOFTARIFFSTHEJAPANESEGOVERNMENTHASARG
25、UEDTHATTARIFFSMAYPROTECTAWEAKLYMANAGEDDOMESTICINDUSTRYFROMCHEAPIMPORTSWHICHMAYDRIVEOVERFISHINGBYTHEDOMESTICINDUSTRYACOUNTERARGUMENTISTHATITISPOSSIBLETHATOVERFISHINGOFDOMESTICSPECIESISALLEVIATEDIFIMPORTSTAKETHEPRESSUREOFF,ANDTHESEIMPORTSAREFACILITATEDBYTRADELIBERALISATIONANON2002A13TECHNICALMEASURESE
26、VERYNATIONHASRULESTHATGUIDETHEPRODUCTIONOFGOODSANDSERVICESINTHECASEOFFISH,WHERETHEPROTECTIONOFPUBLICHEALTHISPARAMOUNT,THEREISCOMMONLYAMYRIADOFREGULATIONSDESIGNEDTOPROTECTCONSUMERSFROMDISEASECOMPLIANCEWITHTHESEREGULATIONSMAYCOMEATASIGNIFICANTCOSTTOPRODUCERSTHESEREGULATIONSVARYFROMCOUNTRYTOCOUNTRYANDT
27、HUS,OTHERFACTORSBEINGEQUAL,THEREWILLBEADIFFERENCEINPRODUCTIONCOSTTHATMAYBESIGNIFICANTIFTHEPRODUCTSARETRADEDWHILSTTHEREAREOBVIOUSLYQUITELEGITIMATEREASONSFORNATIONSTOPROTECTTHEHEALTHOFTHEIRCITIZENS,THEREISALSOANOPPORTUNITYFORLOCALINDUSTRYTOBEPROTECTEDAGAINSTIMPORTSIFTHEIMPORTEDPRODUCTSAREREQUIREDTOMEE
28、TCOSTLYSTANDARDSTHERESOLUTIONOFCLAIMSTHATCERTAINNATIONALSTANDARDSMAYCONSTITUTEDISGUISEDPROTECTIONISMISGUIDEDBYTWOMAINWTOAGREEMENTS,NAMELY,THEAGREEMENTONAPPLICATIONOFSANITARYANDPHYTOSANITARYMEASURESSPSAGREEMENTANDTHEAGREEMENTONTECHNICALBARRIERSTOTRADETBTAGREEMENTTHEFORMERDEALSPRIMARILYWITHMATTERSRELA
29、TINGTOPUBLICHEALTH,WHILSTTHELATTERDEALSPRIMARILYWITHMATTERSRELATINGTOSTANDARDSFORPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSANDCONSEQUENTLABELLINGANDTESTINGREQUIREMENTSTHESPS8AGREEMENTSEEKS,BYREFERENCETOTHEPRINCIPLESOFHARMONISATIONANDEQUIVALENCEOR,INTHEABSENCEOFTHESE,VIARISKASSESSMENTTOPROVIDEALEVELPLAYINGFIELDWHEREBYTHEREIS
30、ANACKNOWLEDGEMENTTHATLOCALSPSMEASURESARENOTDISGUISEDTRADEBARRIERSTHEWTOHASASETOFAGREEDDISPUTESETTLEMENTPROCEDURESWHEREADISAGREEMENTARISESBETWEENNATIONS14SUBSIDIESTHEFISHINGINDUSTRYISONEOFTHEMOSTHEAVILYSUBSIDISEDINDUSTRIESINTHEWORLDAFTERAGRICULTURE,AVIATIONANDENERGYELECTRICITYPRODUCTION,WHICHARELIKEL
31、YTOBETHEMOSTSUBSIDISEDALTHOUGHTHEREHAVEBEENGREATDIFFICULTIESBOTHINDEFININGWHATCONSTITUTESASUBSIDYANDTHENINOBTAININGRELEVANTDATA,THEGENERALLYACCEPTEDFIGUREFORGOVERNMENTFINANCIALTRANSFERSSUBSIDIESISOFTHEORDEROFUS6BILLIONIN1999THISWAS20OFTHERECORDEDLANDEDCATCHVALUEANDHASBEENASOURCEOFCONCERNREGARDINGBOT
32、HSUSTAINABILITYANDECONOMICS,ASTHEREISEVIDENCEOFBOTHOVERFISHINGANDTRADEDISTORTIONSBEINGDRIVENATLEASTINPARTBYSUBSIDIESPORTER2002WWF2002DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESAREAFFECTEDBYSUBSIDIESINANUMBEROFWAYSFIRSTLY,IFTHESUBSIDIESAREOPERATINGINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRYMARKETS,DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESMAYBEUNABLETOCOMPETEWITHARTIFICI
33、ALLYCHEAPSEAFOODPRODUCEDINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESTHEREVERSEISALSOTHECASEIFSEAFOODFROMVERYECONOMICALLYEFFICIENTSEAFOODPRODUCERSISCHEAPERTHANLOCALLYPRODUCEDSEAFOODINADEVELOPINGCOUNTRYTHEGOVERNMENTINTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYMAYHAVETOARTIFICIALLYLOWERTHEPRODUCTIONCOSTSINTHATCOUNTRYTOENABLELOCALPRODUCERSTOCOMPE
34、TE15ILLEGALFISHINGENVIRONMENTALCRIME,INCLUDINGILLEGALDUMPING,USEOFBANNEDSUBSTANCESANDTHETAKEANDTRADEOFPLANTSANDANIMALSTHATAREEITHERPROTECTEDORILLEGALLYSUPPLIEDISONEOFTHEFASTESTGROWINGAREASOFORGANISEDCRIMEINTHEWORLDHAYMANANDBRACK2002SCHMIDT2004WHILSTILLEGALFISHINGILLEGAL,UNREGULATEDANDUNREPORTEDFISHI
35、NG,ORIUUFISHINGISRARELYDESCRIBEDASBEINGACRIMEPERSE,THEINTERNATIONALNATUREOFIUUFISHINGANDTHEDOCUMENTEDLINKSBETWEENSOMETYPESOFFISHINGACTIVITYANDOTHER,MORESERIOUSCRIMESSUCHASDRUGTRAFFICKINGHASPUTTHEILLEGALTRADEINSOMESPECIESINTOAWHOLENEWARENAASMENTIONEDABOVE,FISHINGILLEGALLYPROVIDESALOWERCOSTSTRUCTUREFO
36、ROPERATORSDUETOTHENATUREOFTHISTRADE,DETAILEDINFORMATIONONIMPACTISEVENHARDERTOOBTAINTHANNORMAL9HOWEVER,IFTHEFISHINGACTIVITIESARESUBSIDISEDORSIMPLYAFRONTFOROTHER,MORELUCRATIVEACTIVITIESSUCHASDRUGORPEOPLESMUGGLING,THECOSTSTRUCTUREISDISTORTEDEVENFURTHERWHEREASTHEPERPETRATORSOFENVIRONMENTALCRIMEMAYCOMEFR
37、OMANYCOUNTRY,THEREISLITTLEDOUBTTHATINEFFECTIVELEGALREGIMESANDINADEQUATECAPACITYTOMONITORANDENFORCETHELAWASITUATIONMORECOMMONINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESMEANSTHATCRIMINALSAREMORELIKELYTOBASETHEIROPERATIONSINSUCHCOUNTRIESORUSESUCHCOUNTRIESASACHANNELFORILLEGALLYSOURCEDSEAFOODPRODUCTS17THREATSANDOPPORTUNITIESI
38、NTHEPASTFEWDECADESTHEREHASBEENENORMOUSGROWTHINTHEPRODUCTIONANDTRADEINSEAFOODPRODUCTSALTHOUGHTHEWILDHARVESTHASREACHEDAPLATEAU,AQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONCONTINUESTOGROWATANENORMOUSRATETRADELIBERALISATIONHASPROVIDEDINCENTIVETOCATCHMOREFISHANDEARNMOREFROMEXPORTMARKETSOPPORTUNITIESFORTHESATISFACTIONFORTHESEEM
39、INGLYINSATIABLEDEMANDHAVEBEENEXPLOITEDBYINDUSTRIESANDGOVERNMENTSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDNEWMARKETSANDNEWPRODUCTSHAVEBEENCREATEDASARESULTOFTHEINCREASINGANDDIVERSETECHNOLOGICALCAPACITYTOCATCH,PROCESSANDTRANSPORTFISHANDSEAFOODPRODUCTSFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,THEREISTHEPOTENTIALFORJOBCREATIONANDINCREASEDWEALTHK
40、URIEN2004DOCUMENTSANUMBEROFEXAMPLESWHERETHEINCREASEDWEALTHHASBEENUSEDTOBENEFITLOCALFISHINGCOMMUNITIESTRADEDISTORTIONARYMEASURESSUCHASTARIFFSANDSUBSIDIESAREGENERALLYVIEWEDASATHREATTOTRADE,ALTHOUGHTHEREISMUCHDISCUSSIONOVERTHEIMPACTSOFSOMETYPESOFFISHERIESSUBSIDIESASTARIFFSORSUBSIDIESAREREDUCEDTHEREWILL
41、BEOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEEXPORTERSOFSEAFOODPRODUCTSTOACCESSNEWMARKETSARECENTEXAMPLEISTHEREDUCTIONINEUTARIFFSFORUNCOOKEDAUSTRALIANROCKLOBSTERWHICHHASENABLEDENTRYOF1500TOFTHISPRODUCTEDWARDS2004THEPOTENTIALPASSAGEOFTHEAUSTRALIAUSFREETRADEAGREEMENTWILLASSISTTHEEXPORTOFAUSTRALIANTUNATOTHEUNITEDSTATESINDUSTRY
42、NEEDSTOBEAWAREOFSUCHCHANGESINATIMELYMANNERIFTHEOPPORTUNITIESARETOBEPROFITABLYEXPLOITED2THEPRIVATESECTORANDTRADECONTROL21CATCHTRACKINGANDIDENTIFICATIONONEMECHANISMFORCONTROLLINGIUUFISHINGISTOENSURETHATFISHPRODUCTSAREPROPERLYIDENTIFIEDINTERMSOFSPECIESANDAREAOFPRODUCTIONWHILSTTHEREHAVEBEENWIDESPREADMOV
43、ESTOADDRESSTHESENEEDSFORHYGIENEPURPOSES,THIS10HASNOTBEENTHECASEFORCATCHCONTROL,ALTHOUGH,ASMENTIONEDABOVE,SOMESYSTEMSHAVEBEENPUTINPLACEBYREGIONALFISHERIESMANAGEMENTORGANISATIONSTHETHREATOFIUUFISHINGTOTHEECONOMICHEALTHOFLEGITIMATEINDUSTRYACTIVITIESHASBEENASOURCEOFGROWINGCONCERNTOSOMEINDUSTRYGROUPSAND,
44、ASARESULTOFFRUSTRATIONWITHTHELACKOFOFFICIALCONTROL,MECHANISMSFORADDRESSINGURGENTISSUESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDMANYOFTHEECOLABELLINGSCHEMESMENTIONEDABOVEHAVECATCHTRACEABILITYINCORPORATEDASACENTRALCOMPONENTOFTHESYSTEMSOASTOREASSURECUSTOMERSANDENSURETHEINTEGRITYOFTHEIRBRANDSFOREXAMPLE,THEMARINESTEWARDSHIPCOUN
45、CILREQUIRESTHOSETHATUSETHEMSCLOGOTOHAVEINPLACEACHAINOFCUSTODYCERTIFICATETOVERIFYTHATPRODUCTBEARINGTHELOGOHASCOMEFROMACERTIFIEDFISHERY22TRAFFICANDOTHERENVIRONMENTALGROUPSTRAFFICISONEOFANUMBEROFNONGOVERNMENTENVIRONMENTALGROUPSTHATRESEARCHANDMONITORTRADEINFISHERIESASWELLASOTHERPLANTANDANIMALPRODUCTS,MO
46、STOFWHICHARELISTEDBYTHECITESALTHOUGHHEAVILYINVOLVEDINTERRESTRIALPLANTSANDANIMALS,TRAFFICHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYINVOLVEDINFISHERIESISSUESDUETOTHEHEAVYINFLUENCEOFTRADEINSOMEHIGHPROFILESPECIESSUCHASPATAGONIANTOOTHFISHLACKANDSANT2001ANDTUNASHAYES1997,ESPECIALLYINTHEOCEANIAREGIONTRAFFICOPERATESBYDOCUMENTIN
47、GTRADEFLOWSANDPROVIDINGTHISINFORMATIONTOAUTHORITIESANDOTHERINTERESTEDPARTIESWHICHMAYNOTHAVETHECAPACITYTOGATHERTHEINFORMATIONTOENABLEEFFECTIVECONTROLTHISISESPECIALLYTHECASEFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,WHICHCOMMONLYDONOTHAVEADEQUATESYSTEMSINPLACETOMONITORANDCONTROLTRADENOTALLOFTHEISSUESREPORTEDONBYTRAFFICMA
48、YINVOLVEILLEGALACTIVITYALTHOUGH,ASEXEMPLIFIEDBYTHEISSUEOFPATAGONIANTOOTHFISH,THISMAYWELLBETHECASEINVESTIGATINGTHESORTSOFENVIRONMENTALCRIMESMENTIONEDPREVIOUSLYCANBEDANGEROUSWORKALTHOUGHNOTSPECIFICALLYACTIVEINTHEAREAOFFISHERIES,THEENVIRONMENTALINVESTIGATIONAGENCY,ANONPROFITORGANISATION,PROVIDESSOMEOFT
49、HEONGROUNDINVESTIGATIONANDINTELLIGENCEGATHERINGTHATSEEKSTOIDENTIFYANDEXPOSEILLEGALOPERATIONS23MARKETPLACEIDENTIFICATIONANDTHEROLEOFCONSUMERSALTHOUGHITHASBEENINUSEFORDECADES,ECOLABELLINGWASFORMALLYRECOGNISEDASAVALUABLETOOLINNATURALRESOURCEMANAGEMENTATTHEWORLDSUMMITINBRAZILIN199211MARKETBASEDINCENTIVESFORENVIRONMENTALLYBENEFICIALBEHAVIOURWERESEENASMAKINGAPOTENTIALLYIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEPUSHFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTWESSELLSETAL2001THEPOTENTIALVALUEOFECOLABELLINGRELIESONTHEREBEINGSUFFICIENTNUMBERSOFWELLINFORMEDANDMOTIVATEDCONSUMERSWHOAREPREPAREDTOACTIVELYSELECTECOLABELLEDPRODUCTOVEROTHER
