1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题循环经济在中国的发展及建议资料来源生态经济2006(2)作者ZHOUHONGCHUN3循环经济发展存在的问题在中国,对循环经济已从理论和实践上进行了一些探讨,但这只是一个开始。与发达国家相比,在以下几方面还存在一些问题。31缺乏意识公众仍没有充分意识到发展循环经济的意义。首先,人们没有意识到资源和环境的严峻形势以及发展循环经济的迫切性和重要性;第二,公众已经不是很了解,或者没有足够重视经济发展与环境之间的问题和关系;第三,公众还不了解循环经济的概念、内涵和的作用。一些计划仅仅追求“循环”。事实上,并不是所有的废物都可以转化成有用的原料且不惜任何代价。它需要
2、投资这么做。与此同时,在一些工业链之间还存在着不确定因素。例,疯牛病与为牛不当使用动物蛋白有关。所以有关循环经济发展模式的内涵、理论基础和基本特征的研究有待深化。32缺乏总体规划和宏观指导我国仍处于推进循环经济的初始阶段。还没有做出任何总体规划和实施计划。所以,没有任何指导和教诲。系统对资源利用率还没有完成统计和计算,是以很难为循环经济的发展建立资源生产率指标。在全面规划和完整的体系下实现资源的地方综合利用与环境产业已迫在眉睫。33法律体系不完善一般来说,关于循环经济的发展还没有形成一个法律框架。相关立法的质量需要改进现行的一些法规已经模糊且不太具有可操作性;有关法律没有得到有效协调、一些实施
3、细则不到位;缺乏必要的强制性的技术标准。利益方不能充分参与制定和实施法律与法规。政府部门的意见比公众和专家的意见更容易被采取。对于法律的实施还没有一个行之有效的评价系统。一些环境法律法规的规定主要集中在“最终处理”上,未能满足污染防治与新形势下循环经济发展的需求。34缺乏有效激励系统资源还原和回收的重要基础在于对生产者实行责任延伸制度和对再生资源和不易2收集的余热回收材料的分类回收采用定价体系。这些都是市场机制几乎不能覆盖的。它需要政府的宏观调控政策来管理。但是到目前为止还没有一种有效的激励机制,一个循环的系统或定价体系。由于法规还没有被很好的兼容,因此这些政策还没有可操作性,导致了高成本的执
4、行和无效的实施。有效的激励政策,恢复处理系统和合理的定价机制尚未到位。一些政策在其正确用途上还没有被使用。35缺乏通用的和关键的技术来支持循环经济的发展目前,在提高资源效率方面已取得一些突破性进展,但总的来说,对科学技术的研究和应用已经落后于循环经济的发展。大部分企业都没有能力开发通用和关键的技术来大幅度提高资源效率,同时他们也缺乏了解相关技术信息的渠道。循环经济的发展应该是基于大量的科学研究,包括循环经济的理论研究。中国已有恢复回收废弃物和包装产品的经验,但他们只有较低技术含量。由于废物和废弃材料还没有被充分利用,最好的循环经济效果还没有实现。也没有与食品和环境安全保障机制有完全的联系。总之
5、,这一政策和理论研究落后于实践。36缺乏一个政府推广、市场驱动和公众行动的健全的运行机制来推进循环经济发展循环经济、可持续经济发展模式和消费模式,是一个复杂的系统。它需要各地方和各部门的协调。现在国家部门分工并使其功能得到明确澄清。一些机构应该在法律消失前实施法律。一些部门有重叠和重复的功能。市场还没有被有效管理,市场关于产品的回收没有良好的秩序。一般来说,中国在发展循环经济上已经取得了一定的进展,但仍存在着问题和障碍。因此需要进行更多的研究,从而想出法律、政策和措施来支持这个特定的发展计划。4中国发展循环经济的对策建议循环经济关系到每一个公民、家庭、社区、企业、地区乃至整个国家。在现阶段,循
6、环经济应根据国家工业化和城镇化发展阶段的情况,从发展的视角出发,集中解决资源和环境问题。41健全法律法规体系促进循环经济发展将中国的生产方式由粗放型向集约型转变,提高经济发展的质量和效率是不能一下子实现的。由于一些因素的限制,许多宏观的努力已经被微观行为的浪费资源和污染环境所抵消。根据国外的经验,循环经济不能在传统的市场经济下自动发展。必须加快实行必要的立法来强制性地改变企业的行为,防止他们通过短期行为追求快速收益。3根据法律推动循环经济的发展。立法应明确框架,包括基本法、综合法和特殊法。我们应该不遗余力地学习中华人民共和国公司法关于节约能源,清洁生产促进法和其他辅助法规,以及关于资源综合利用
7、和可再生资源回收和循环利用的法规。同时应研究生产者责任延伸制度。对排污权交易系统的研究和实施,将会促进采用经济手段来缓解污染对环境的压力。能源标签和认证体系应得到执行。科学的生产规范应将生产预防的各个环节标准化,并且从生产一开始便进行废弃物回收。对不同的地区和不同的发展水平应采取不同的污染物排放标准,且废物排放收费率应该提高。应加强监督,帮助企业参与循环经济来获得利润。43通过政策的导向指导循环经济的发展政府在发展循环经济中必须发挥作用。应逐步建立一个有利于循环经济发展的系统和政策环境。产业政策应着重提高资源效率和优化环境,推动经济结构战略性调整,以便有助于构建循环经济体系。投资政策和项目选择
8、必须遵循产业结构调整和升级的方向。国家应该根据循环经济发展的需要提供一些直接投资或补贴主要基础设施项目。国家发展和改革委员会也提出“节能产品名单”和“政府节能采购建议”。它应该加入财务和税务部门的讨论,对使用和生产此类产品进行减税、免税政策。政府应起到示范性作用。它应该包括在强制性要求下实行循环经济、资源节约指标并要求各级政府坚决实施。政府应通过采购计划并引导公众消费绿色产品来推动循环经济的需求。在政府采购工作中,应优先考虑具有生态化设计或环境标签认证的产品,这些产品已经通过清洁生产审计或ISO14001认证和具有节能标签的固定产品。应注意节能,重复利用和回收报废产品。政府应该提高工作效率;他
9、们的责任被界定;成本原则应遵循推进循环经济发展,避免“政策失灵”。44运用经济手段为循环经济建立一个激励机制利用市场手段促进循环经济是激励机制的扩展延伸,它是经济合作与开发组织采用的一种保护环境的措施。如经合组织的国家已经采取了严格的政策,即“谁污染,谁付费”。企业回收使用废弃产品,可以从废物生产者那里获得基金补贴。但中国的情况有所不同。首先,一旦中国企业使用其他企业的废弃物,如工业矿渣和粉煤灰,废物生产者不需要付费,甚至要向使用者收取费用,这便使回收企业得不到效益。其次,企业不能接受对综合利用资源实行税收优惠政策。这样的政策还未实施。或福利已脱离地方政府。这种情况应当遏制。深化体制改革,更好
10、地发挥市场在资源配置中的作用。产权制度应加以改善。只4有在资源的产权明确的情况下,才能使资源效率最大化和废物最小化。制定一个有利于节水、节电的定价体系。应采用“阶梯”式水价体系,以城市消费者的基本需求(例如,人均100升每天)为基数,额外的使用将按基数的两倍或三倍收费。当提供普遍服务时,政府应利用价格调整对水的需求。价格体系按峰谷时间,雨季和旱季区别定价,使得价格可以准确地反映市场供求,并遏制高耗能行业的盲目发展和降低功耗。应该在适当的时候征收燃油税来抑制汽车数量的快速增长,防止产生更多的汽车尾气排放和用较低的燃料价格运输低价值的商品,比如沙子和石头。调整和完善进出口税收政策。对于那些高能源消
11、耗、高材料消耗、高污染和低资源利用率的产品和初级产品应提高其出口关税率。对于那些国内供不应求或污染环境的产品,比如煤炭、焦碳、电解铝和磷矿石,应逐步减少或取消出口。应鼓励企业在国外建建原料基地,共同开发和进口国内急需的矿产品。应鼓励进口废钢铁及有色金属,同时在国内建立加工园区来满足国内市场需求。5外文文献原文TITLECIRCULARECONOMYINCHINAANDRECOMMENDATIONSMATERIALSOURCEECOLOGICALECONOMY20062AUTHORZHOUHONGCHUN3PROBLEMSEXISTEDINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCIRCULARECON
12、OMYSOMETHEORETICALANDPRACTICALPROBESHAVEBEENDONEINTHECIRCULARECONOMYITISJUSTABEGINNINGINCHINACOMPAREDWITHDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,PROBLEMSREMAININTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTS31LACKOFAWARENESSTHEPUBLICHASNOTBEENADEQUATELYAWAREOFTHESIGNIFICANCEOFDEVELOPINGCIRCULARECONOMYFIRST,PEOPLEARENOTAWAREOFTHEGRIMSITUATIONOFRES
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24、ORHAVETHEYBEENSOUNDLYLINKEDWITHFOODANDENVIRONMENTSAFETYGUARANTEEMECHANISMINAWORD,THEPOLICYANDTHEORETICALRESEARCHHASLAGGED7BEHINDPRACTICE36LACKOFASOUNDOPERATIONMECHANISMOFGOVERNMENTSPROMOTING,MARKETDRIVINGANDPUBLICACTIONTOMOVEFORWARDTHECIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMY,ASSUSTAINABLEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTMO
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33、NSIFIEDTOHELPENTERPRISESINVOLVEDINCIRCULARECONOMYCANPROFIT43GUIDINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCIRCULARECONOMYTHROUGHPOLICYGUIDANCETHEGOVERNMENTMUSTPLAYAROLEINDEVELOPINGCIRCULARECONOMYASYSTEMANDPOLICYENVIRONMENTSHOULDBEGRADUALLYESTABLISHEDINFAVOROFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCIRCULARECONOMYINDUSTRIALPOLICIESSHOULDEMPHASIZE
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39、EMECHANISMFORENVIRONMENTPROTECTIONADOPTEDBYOECDASTHEOECDCOUNTRIESHAVEADOPTEDASTRICTPOLICYOF“POLLUTERSPAYTHEPOLLUTION”THEENTERPRISESTHATRECYCLEANDUSEWASTEPRODUCTSCANGETFUNDSUBSIDIESFROMWASTEPRODUCERSBUTTHESITUATIONINCHINAISDIFFERENTFIRST,ONCETHECHINESEENTERPRISESUSETHEWASTESOFOTHERENTERPRISES,SUCHASI
40、NDUSTRIALSLAGANDCOALASH,THEWASTEPRODUCERSDONOTHAVETOPAY,ANDEVENCHARGETHEUSERS,WHICHMAKETHERECYCLINGENTERPRISESGAINNOTHINGSECOND,THEPREFERENTIALTAXATIONTREATMENTFORCOMPREHENSIVEUSEOFRESOURCESCANNOTBERECEIVEDBYENTERPRISESSUCHPOLICYHASNOTBEENIMPLEMENTEDORTHEBENEFITSHAVEBEENTAKENAWAYFROMLOCALGOVERNMENTS
41、THISSITUATIONSHOULDBECURBEDDEEPENINSTITUTIONALREFORMTOPLAYABETTERROLEOFTHEMARKETINRESOURCEALLOCATINGTHEPROPERTYRIGHTSYSTEMSHOULDBEIMPROVEDONLYAFTERTHEPROPERTYRIGHTOFRESOURCESISMADECLEARCANTHERESOURCEEFFICIENCYBEMAXIMIZEDANDWASTESMINIMIZEDDEVELOPAPRICINGSYSTEMCONDUCIVEWATERANDPOWERSAVINGA“LADDER”WATE
42、RPRICINGSYSTEMSHOULDBEADOPTEDTOSETTHEBASICDEMANDOFURBANCONSUMERSFOREXAMPLE,PERCAPITA100LITERADAYASABASENUMBER,THEEXTRAUSEWILLBECHARGEDTWICEORTHREETIMESWHILEOFFERINGUNIVERSALSERVICE,THEGOVERNMENTSHOULDMAKEUSEOFPRICINGINADJUSTINGTHEDEMANDFORWATERTHEPRICINGSYSTEMTHATDISTINGUISHESTHEPRICESOFPEAKANDVALLE
43、YHOURSANDRAINANDDRYSEASONSSOTHATTHEPRICESCANACCURATELYREFLECTDEMANDANDSUPPLYWHILECURBINGTHEBLINDDEVELOPMENTOFHIGHENERGYCONSUMINGINDUSTRIESANDREDUCINGPOWERWASTEFUELTAXSHOULDBELEVIEDATAPROPERTIMETOCURBTHEFASTGROWTHOFAUTOMOBILESWITHLARGERAUTOEMISSIONSANDTHETRANSPORTOFLOWVALUECOMMODITIESSUCHASSANDANDSTO
44、NEBACKEDUPBYLOWFUELPRICESADJUSTANDIMPROVEIMPORTANDEXPORTTAXATIONPOLICYTHEEXPORTTARIFFRATEFORHIGHENERGYCONSUMING,HIGHMATERIALCONSUMING,HIGHPOLLUTINGANDLOWEFFICIENTRESOURCEPRODUCTSANDPRIMARYPRODUCTSSHALLBERAISEDTHEEXPORTSOFCOAL,COKE,ELECTROLYTICALUMINUMANDPHOSPHORUSORES,WHICHAREINSHORTSUPPLYINTHECOUNT
45、RYANDPOLLUTINGENVIRONMENT,SHOULDBEGRADUALLYREDUCEDANDABOLISHEDENTERPRISESSHOULDBEENCOURAGEDTOBUILDRAWMATERIALBASESABROAD,JOINTLYDEVELOPANDIMPORTMINERALPRODUCTSBADLYNEEDEDDOMESTICALLYTHE10IMPORTSOFIRONANDSTEELSCRAPANDNONFERROUSMETALSHOULDBEENCOURAGEDWHILEPROCESSINGPARKSSHOULDBEBUILTINTHECOUNTRYTOMEETTHEDOMESTICMARKETDEMAND