1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题业务服务外包的关联决策资料来源服务产业期刊,第13期，2010年11月作者FERNANDOMERINO和DIEGORRODRIGUEZ服务外包的文献主要集中于个案研究或特定服务活动。然而，没有任何证据表明外包服务之间的关联度。本文分析这个问题的一个关联指数是以前应用的产品和技术多样化框架。该指数是用于分析关联度程度对于外包决策在一个服务于一体的西班牙制造商（19902006）的大型数据集，检测四个时间常数集群。计量经济学的分析测试是基于共享知识和工人的技能，去了解这个另类的联合决策模式关键词外包；关联度；商业服务简介外包中间投入、商品和服务,明显影响许多领
2、域的经济活动,特别是商业服务在过去的15年里在发达国家已成为最有活力的产业之一。人们一致认为这样的增长与通过外购策略来生产和服务的公司是密切相关的。事实上，提供足够的业务服务的提供商也指出对于解释跨国公司位置的变更，这是一个重要的因素（ONO,2003）。在许多国家，由于其对工资的不平等，离岸服务外包（FEENSTRAGEISHECKERKAISER,2001），国内就业（BRACONIERGORG,HANLEY,RELATEDNESSBUSINESSSERVICESINTRODUCTIONOUTSOURCINGOFINTERMEDIATEINPUTS,BOTHGOODSANDSERVICES
3、,HASOBVIOUSIMPLICATIONSINMANYFIELDSOFECONOMICACTIVITYINPARTICULAR,BUSINESSSERVICESHAVEBECOMEONEOFTHEMOSTDYNAMICINDUSTRIESINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESINTHELAST15YEARSTHEREISAGENERALCONSENSUSTHATSUCHGROWTHISCLOSELYRELATEDTOTHEINCREASEDUSEOFOUTSOURCINGSTRATEGIESBYMANUFACTURINGANDSERVICEFIRMSINFACT,THEAVAILABIL
4、ITYOFADEQUATEBUSINESSSERVICEPROVIDERSHASALSOBEENPOINTEDOUTASANIMPORTANTFACTORTOEXPLAINTHELOCATIONDECISIONSOFMULTINATIONALFIRMSONO,2003SERVICEOFFSHORINGANDOUTSOURCINGHAVEALSOLEDTOABROADDEBATEINMANYCOUNTRIESDUETOTHEIREFFECTSONWAGEINEQUALITYFEENSTRAGEISHECKERKAISER,2001,DOMESTICEMPLOYMENTBRACONIERGORG,
5、HANLEY,STROBL,2008ANDCONSUMERWELFARESAPPINGTON,2006,AMONGOTHERRELEVANTISSUESEVENTHOUGHBUSINESSSERVICESOUTSOURCINGHASMACROECONOMICCONSEQUENCESDEGROOT,2001,THISISBASICALLYAMICROECONOMICPROCESSTHATDEPENDSONSTRATEGICDECISIONSADOPTEDATTHEFIRMLEVELFROMTHATPERSPECTIVE,THEREISALSOANEXTENSIVELITERATUREINTHEM
6、ANAGEMENTAREATHATPROVIDESRECOMMENDATIONSFORGOODOUTSOURCINGPRACTICESSOME5PAPERSRELYONCASESTUDIES,SUCHASERICSONNOKIABERGGRENBENGTSSON,2004ORAIRBUSMONNOYERZULIANI,2007,WHILEMANYOTHERSANALYSEDECISIONSABOUTSPECIFICSERVICESAMONGTHEM,THEOUTSOURCINGOFITPROCUREMENTISPROBABLYTHEMOSTANALYSEDCASEHOWEVER,THOUGHT
7、HEANALYSISOFINDIVIDUALSTRATEGIESISUNDOUBTEDLYUSEFUL,OUTSOURCINGDECISIONSAREREALLYUNDERTAKENINASIMULTANEOUSCONTEXTFIRMSDONOTONLYDECIDEABOUTWHETHERORNOTTOOUTSOURCEASPECIFICINPUT,BUTTHEYTAKEMULTIPLEDECISIONSABOUTMANYINTERMEDIATEPROCESSESTHATAREPARTOFTHEIRVALUECHAININSUCHAWAY,OUTSOURCINGOFASPECIFICACTIV
8、ITYMAYBECONDITIONEDBYDECISIONSADOPTEDINRELATEDACTIVITIESIFTHISISTHECASE,THEOBSERVEDBUYINGSELLINGRELATIONSHIPSWILLBEINFLUENCEDBYTHERELATEDNESSAMONGSERVICESHOWEVER,THISISSUEHASNOTYETRECEIVEDATTENTIONINTHEEMPIRICALLITERATURETHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOCONTRIBUTETOFILLTHISGAP,ANALYSINGTHEDEGREEOFRELATEDN
9、ESSAMONGABROADBUNDLEOFSERVICEOUTSOURCINGDECISIONSTAKENBYMANUFACTURINGFIRMSTHEPAPERHASTWOMAINCONTRIBUTIONSFIRST,ITEXTENDSTHELITERATUREOFRELATEDNESSTOTHESOURCINGDECISIONSTHECONCEPTOFRELATEDNESSHASBEENAPPLIEDPREVIOUSLYTOTECHNOLOGICALANDPRODUCTDIVERSIFICATIONPROCESSESHOWEVER,THISISTHEFIRSTTIMETHAT,INOUR
10、KNOWLEDGE,ITISUSEDTOASSESSOUTSOURCINGPATTERNSSECOND,THEPAPERMAKESUSEOFALARGEDATASETOFSPANISHMANUFACTURINGFIRMSFORALONGPERIODOFTIME,17YEARS19902006FOREACHOBSERVEDYEAR,EACHFIRMTAKESMULTIPLEDECISIONSUPTO14ABOUTWHETHERTOOUTSOURCEEACHSPECIFICSERVICEORNOTITPROVIDESVALUABLEINFORMATIONTOASSESSWHETHERTHEREAR
11、EPATTERNSINTHEOUTSOURCINGDECISIONSAMONGBUSINESSSERVICESTHEADVANTAGEOFTHISAPPROACHISTHATITALLOWSUSTOANALYSEWHICHACTIVITIESAREGROUPEDDEPARTINGFROMDEFACTOBEHAVIOUROFFIRMS,WHICHCOMBINEBUYERANDSELLERCHARACTERISTICS,INSTEADOFFROMEXANTEAGGREGATIONSBASEDON,FOREXAMPLE,TECHNICALCONSIDERATIONSADDITIONALLY,ITCO
12、ULDPROVIDESOMEEMPIRICALSUPPORTTOTHECLASSIFICATIONOFBUSINESSSERVICESUSEDBYFIRMSLATER,ANECONOMETRICANALYSISTAKESADVANTAGEOFPANELCHARACTERISTICSOFFIRMDECISIONSTOPROVIDESOMEEXPLANATIONSABOUTTHEOBSERVEDPATTERNINTHISPAPER,WEDONOTANALYSETHEREASONSTHATEXPLAINEVERYINDIVIDUALOUTSOURCINGDECISION,BUTTHEPATTERNO
13、FRELATEDNESSAMONGTHEM1HOWEVER,WETAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEWELLESTABLISHEDTHEORETICALLITERATURETHATJUSTIFIESSUCHDECISIONSINPARTICULAR,WEASSUME6THEBASICFRAMEWORKTHATEXPLAINSOUTSOURCINGSTRATEGIESINSOFARASTHEYALLOWFIRMSTOCONCENTRATETHEIRCAPABILITIESANDRESOURCESINTHEIRCOREBUSINESSES,GIVINGUPTHOSEACTIVITIESWHEREF
14、IRMSDONOTHAVEANYCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGETOINCORPORATEINTOTHEIRVALUEADDEDCHAINOFCOURSE,SUCHASTRATEGYHASBOTHADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESAND,INTHATRESPECT,ITHASBEENUSUALLYANALYSEDASAMAKEORBUYCHOICEFOLLOWINGTHEWELLKNOWNFRAMEWORKTHATWILLIAMSON1981ESTABLISHEDTOANALYSETRANSACTIONCOSTS2INTHATCONTEXT,TWOOPPOSITEFO
15、RCESCOMEINTOPLAYONTHEONEHAND,MARKETIMPERFECTIONS,SUCHASMEASUREMENTPROBLEMSANDDIFFICULTIESTOCONTROLTHECOLLABORATIONBETWEENTHECUSTOMERANDTHEPROVIDER,INCREASECOMPLEXITYINARMSLENGTHCONTRACTSANDFAVOURTHEMAKEOPTIONINTHECASEOFSERVICEPROVISION,THESEMARKETIMPERFECTIONSAREVERYIMPORTANTBECAUSEOFTHEINTANGIBLECH
16、ARACTEROFSERVICESWHICHHINDERSTHECOMPARABILITYOFOUTPUTANDPRICESANDREDUCESMARKETTRANSPARENCY3ONTHEOTHERHAND,COSTREDUCTIONS,SCALEECONOMIES,KNOWLEDGE,FLEXIBILITYORCAPABILITYTOGENERATEANDINCORPORATEINNOVATIONSARESOMEARGUMENTSTHATFAVOURTHEBUYOPTIONTHEMEASUREMENTOFRELATEDNESSFOROUTSOURCEDACTIVITIESFIRMSDEC
17、IDEWHETHERTOMAKEORBUYMULTIPLEINPUTS,BOTHMATERIALSANDSERVICESSUCHDECISIONSARENOTTOTALLYINDEPENDENT,BUTEXPERIENCEDERIVEDFROMAPARTICULAROUTSOURCINGSTRATEGYCANBETRANSFERREDTOOTHERDECISIONSTHEEXISTENCEOFSCOPEECONOMIESRELATEDTOLEARNINGIS,INFACT,VERYSIMILARTOTHEARGUMENTFREQUENTLYUSEDTOEXPLAINCORPORATEDIVER
18、SIFICATIONINTHECASEOFOUTSOURCING,LEARNINGCONSTITUTESAVERYRELEVANTISSUE,DUETOTHEINTANGIBLECHARACTEROFTHEACTIVITIESINVOLVEDTHOUGHITISVERYDIFFICULTFORTHERESEARCHERTOMEASURECONTRACTUALANDMONITORINGCOSTSRELATEDTOSPECIFICSERVICES,ITCANBEASSUMEDTHATCOSTEXTERNALITIESWILLBEMOREINTENSEAMONGMORESIMILARSERVICES
19、HOWEVER,ITISNOTEASYTODETERMINEWHICHSERVICESARECLOSESTTOEACHOTHERONEPOSSIBILITYWOULDBETOANALYSEINDETAILEACHSERVICETOESTABLISHEXANTEAPATTERNOFRELATEDNESSBASEDONCOMMONCHARACTERISTICSSUCHASWORKFORCESPECIALIZATION,FREQUENCYOFUSE,LABOURCOSTS,TECHNOLOGICALSOPHISTICATION,ETCPEHRSSON,2006OFCOURSE,THATPATTERN
20、WILLBEINFLUENCEDBYDECISIONSTHATTHERESEARCHERHASTAKENTODEFINEWHATSPECIFICCHARACTERISTICSARERELEVANTTODEFINESUCHSIMILARITYINCLOSELYLINKEDRESEARCHAREAS,RELATEDNESSBETWEENACTIVITIESHASBEENMEASUREDONTHEBASISOFSALESDISTRIBUTIONACROSSDIFFERENTSECTORSBOWENWIERSEMA,72005,ORTHESETOFACTIVITIESTHATAREMATCHEDINT
21、HESAMEUPPERLEVELCLASSIFICATIONMONTGOMERYHARIHARAN,1991BYCONTRASTTOTHEPREVIOUSLYREFEREEDPAPERS,INTHISPAPERWEPROPOSETODEFINEWHATOUTSOURCEDSERVICESARERELATEDINTERMSOFDEPARTINGFROMOBSERVABLEBEHAVIOURTHATIS,WECONSIDERTHATTWOSERVICESARECLOSELYRELATEDIFFIRMSFREQUENTLYOUTSOURCETHEMJOINTLYONTHECONTRARY,WEASS
22、UMETHATTHEDEGREEOFRELATEDNESSBETWEENTHEMISLOWIFITISUNLIKELYTHATFIRMSOUTSOURCETHEMJOINTLYCONCLUSIONSBUSINESSSERVICEOUTSOURCINGISANINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTSTRATEGYINALLDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESMANYFIRMSRELYONITTOINCREASETHEIRCOMPETITIVENESS,CONCENTRATINGTHEIRFINANCIALANDMANAGERIALRESOURCESINTHEIRCOREACTIVITIESI
23、NTHISPAPER,WEHAVEANALYSEDTHELINKSBETWEENSERVICESTHATLEADTOTHEMAKEORBUYDECISIONBEINGTAKENJOINTLYTOASSESSTHEDEGREEOFRELATEDNESSAMONGTHEOUTSOURCINGDECISIONS,WEDONOTDEPARTFROMAPRIORICONSIDERATIONSORTECHNICALISSUESONSERVICEPRODUCTION,BUTFROMTHEACTUALBEHAVIOUROFUSERFIRMSSPECIFICALLY,WEPROPOSEARELATEDNESSI
24、NDEXTOEVALUATEWHICHACTIVITIESAREMORERELATEDINTHEIROUTSOURCINGSTRATEGIESTHISMEASURECOMPARESTHEACTUALOUTSOURCINGSTRATEGYWITHTHEONETHATWOULDRESULTFROMRANDOMDECISIONSFOREACHONEOFTHECONSIDEREDSERVICESTHISMETHODOLOGYHASBEENAPPLIEDTOANALYSEADETAILEDBUNDLEOFBUSINESSSERVICESFORMEDBYTHIRTEENDIFFERENTACTIVITIE
25、SANDWEHAVECOMPAREDTHERESULTSBETWEEN1990AND2006ASCANBESEEN,INBOTHYEARS,FOURCLUSTERSOFSERVICESWHEREOUTSOURCINGDECISIONSGOHANDTOHANDSEEMTOEMERGE,INOTHERWORDS,WHEREJOINTOUTSOURCINGISNOTORIOUSLYLARGERTHANRANDOMLYEXPECTEDTHEFIRSTCLUSTERISFORMEDBYLEGALADVISING,ECONOMICANDFINANCIALCONSULTANCYANDTAXRELATEDTA
26、SKSALLOFTHEMAREHIGHLYSPECIALIZEDBUSINESSSERVICESTHATSHARETHEADVISORYCHARACTERFORFIRMSDECISIONSBESIDES,THEYREQUIRESPECIALIZEDSTAFFANDTHEIRPROVISIONPROBABLYENJOYSSCALEECONOMIESTHATAREDIFFICULTTOACHIEVEINSIDETHEFIRMTHEIRAGGREGATIONINSIDEASPECIALIZEDPROVIDERMAKESITPOSSIBLETOEXPLOITMOREEFFICIENTLYKNOWLED
27、GEANDTRAININGOFHUMANRESOURCESADDITIONALLY,CORPORATESTRATEGIESCONSTANTLYREQUIREINFORMATIONONLEGALANDECONOMICISSUES,ASWELLASTAXREQUIREMENTSANDCONSEQUENCES,ANDEACHOFTHESEAREASMAYAFFECTTHEOTHERSFOREXAMPLE,8ASPECIFICLEGALALTERNATIVEMAYINFLUENCETHETAXBURDENASWELLASTHEBALANCESHEETANDTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTTH
28、OUGHTHECONCEPTOFRELATEDNESSDOESNOTIMPLYTHATTHEPROVIDEROFRELATEDACTIVITIESMUSTBETHESAME,ITWOULDNOTBESURPRISINGTHATUSERSCOULDDECIDETOGETALLTHOSESERVICESFROMTHESAMEEXTERNALPROVIDERTHERELATEDNESSAMONGTHESEACTIVITIESSUGGESTSTHATTHEREMIGHTBESCOPEECONOMIESANDTHATASINGLEEXTERNALPROVIDERWOULDBEABLETOEXPLOITT
29、HEMTHERESULTSSHOWTHEEXISTENCEOFFOURCLUSTERSAMONGTHETHIRTEENACTIVITIESWEHAVEDISTINGUISHEDINBUSINESSSERVICESTHEFIRSTONEISFORMEDBYADVISORYACTIVITIESLEGAL,TAX,ECONOMICANDFINANCIAL,THESECONDONEBYTHOSEACTIVITIESLINKEDTOCOMPUTERPROGRAMS,THETHIRDONEBYTHEACTIVITIESLINKEDTOSTAFFINCORPORATIONANDTRAININGANDTHEF
30、OURTHONEBYCOMPLEMENTARYACTIVITIESWHICHARENOTRELATEDTOTHECOREACTIVITIESOFTHEFIRMWEPROPOSEALTERNATIVEEXPLANATIONSABOUTTHEFORCESTHATMAYEXPLAINTHISPATTERNOFJOINTDECISIONS,BASEDONSHAREDKNOWLEDGEANDONTHEEXPERTISEOFWORKERSTHECOMPARISONOFTHERELATEDNESSOVERALONGPERIODOFTIMEHASSHOWNTHATTHESAMEFOURCLUSTERSREMA
31、INSINCETHESPANOFTIMEBETWEENTHETWOOBSERVATIONS19902006ISQUITELARGE,ITPOINTSOUTTHEROBUSTNESSOFTHEDETECTEDCLUSTERSHOWEVER,THERELATEDNESSINTHEOUTSOURCINGDECISIONBYFIRMSDECREASES,WHICHREFLECTSTHATFIRMSAREDECIDINGMOREINDEPENDENTLYABOUTEACHOFTHESEACTIVITIES,UNBUNDLINGTHEMANDDECIDINGACCORDINGLYONEBYONETHERE
32、SULTSOFTHEECONOMETRICMODELSUGGESTTHATOBSERVABLESERVICECHARACTERISTICSSUCHASPRODUCTIVITY,INVESTMENTINTENSITYANDSHAREOFPAYROLLSAREEXPLANATORYVARIABLESINTHEOBSERVEDPATTERNOFBUSINESSSERVICESOUTSOURCINGTHEPRESENCEOFCLUSTERSAMONGBUSINESSSERVICESCONTRIBUTESVALUABLEINFORMATIONFORUSERFIRMS,WHICHCANBEUSEDASABENCHMARKINTHEIROUTSOURCINGDECISIONSTHESERESULTSAREALSOVALUABLEFORTHESTRATEGYOFBUSINESSSERVICESSUPPLIERS,WHOCANBETTERADJUSTTHEIRSUPPLYTOCONSUMERSNEEDSINSOFARASSOMEBUNDLEDSERVICESCOULDINCREASEPERCEIVEDVALUEFORMANUFACTURINGFIRMS
