1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题长江三角洲的港口竞争资料来源ASIAPACIFICVIEWPOINT,2007,483299311作者克劳德科姆董洁双自90年代初以来，长江三角洲以中国经济增长的发动机来确立自己。长三角包括上海，江苏省和安徽等，拥有超过200万人在不到全国4的土地上拥有全国16的人口。长江三角洲作为一个新兴的主要的全求经济厂房，与印度尼西亚的输出相当。随着海上贸易的增长，很多这方面的发展已经是很基础的了，导致了上海和宁波两个密集的港口之间的竞争两条高度增长的集线器。HEAVER等人（2001）提出了一个在国际集装箱运输合作与竞争的广泛概述。兴趣集中在价格与服务质量的竞争力
2、上。CULLINANE等人（2005）辩论了三角洲新兴的网络结构反映了在市场上不同的成本/效益水平。另一个重点是港口的治理工作。WANGANDOLIVIER（2007）表明了治理就是塑造长三角的港口变革。公共和私人行动者之间新的关系，通过私有化，对港口的产业管理已经导致了重大的变化（作者CULLINANEANDSONG2007惠灵顿维多利亚大学学报编辑2002CULLINANE等人2004）。通过对终端的动态而不是港口地域管辖的了解，港口发展就更可理解了MARTINANDTHOMAS,2001WANGANDSLACK,2004SLACK,2005。出人意料地，对于满足主要远洋承运人后勤的需要的
3、变化很少被注意。空间上的，港口的角色是以在一个物流增值链的元素的新兴功能作为中转联运点ROBINSON,2002。该模型进一步被NOTTEBOOMANDRODRIGUE2005重新定义，他们都为作为要素在港口竞争力整合终端和内陆分布的需要争辩。这里的重点是在长江三角洲市场区域对港口治理有怎样的影响。最初的问题集中在由中国在世界经济日益增加的参与而导致的集装箱运输量增加以及上海和宁波在面对这一要求上的竞争。最主要是自1990年以来的这段时期，一段标记着重估以及重新定位出口价值的有开创性的时期。然后聚焦在，可行地通过对上海和宁波两大港口城市市场范围细致的测量来比较估计这两个沿海城市。考虑到货物卸载
4、的更改在地区合作策略上的影响即可提供一个中国口岸改革的评估。总的来说，中国集装箱出口系统由三方面组成向北范围到北海，中间聚焦在长江三角洲，向南的范围包括在珠江三角洲的港口群。2地理位置上，中国集装箱港口体系由三个港口区域组成北部范围遍布渤海的边缘，中央范围集中在长江三角洲，南部范围包括珠江三角洲的一个港口群。中央范围最具诊断功能的是上海和宁波大约离南边200公里作为一个新兴的杭州湾的副中心。这些港口有拥有大部分区域的门式起重能力的竞争优势。这个交通容器的考虑也是水深不足让大型集装箱船靠泊的结果，尽管中国广泛的海岸线。上海港总的集装箱吞吐量从1990年的456100标准箱到2005年的1808百
5、万标准箱年平均增长率为28。2005年，上海在世界集装箱港口占据第三位CIY,2006。不断增大的船舶和海上交通的增长迫使上海港口管理局审查提供的网站海事用途。疏浚长江三角洲不足以保证上海港的竞争力，这是很明显的（中华人民共和国外交部经济贸易关系，1992；DRI/MCGRAWHILL，1993；HUANG，1993；江苏省交通厅，1993；浙江省，1997；宁波交通局，1998）。上海的容量问题被杭州湾新建的一个港口和洋山岛景观的改造解决了。该项目包括52个泊位，一座长32千米的连接这个岛和最近的陆上和岸上的集装箱码头的桥。2005年12月新的港口为交通而开并且到2020年将能够处理超过两千
6、万的标准集装箱。虽然宁波港在1991年才开始处理集装箱，2005年总吞吐量达到五百二十万标准集装箱年平均增长率为34。伴随着这个不同寻常的集装箱海运的增长，宁波港已经吸引了世界主要的海运公司，包括MAERSKSEALAND,MSC,EVERGREEN,PCULLINANEETAL,2004PORTDEVELOPMENTHASBECOMEMOREINTELLIGIBLETHROUGHANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEDYNAMICSOFTERMINALSRATHERTHANPORTSTERRITORIALJURISDICTIONMARTINANDTHOMAS,2001WANGANDSLAC
7、K,2004SLACK,2005SURPRISINGLY,LITTLEHEEDHASBEENPAIDTOCHANGESINTHERESPONSEOFPORTSTOMEETTHELOGISTICALNEEDSOFMAJOROCEANCARRIERSSPATIALLY,THEROLEOFPORTSASINTERMODALTRANSITPOINTSHASBEENREDENEDBYTHEIREMERGINGFUNCTIONASANELEMENTINAVALUEADDEDLOGISTICSCHAINROBINSON,2002THISMODELHASFURTHERBEENRENEDBYNOTTEBOOMA
8、NDRODRIGUE2005,WHOARGUEFORTHENEEDTOINTEGRATETERMINALSANDINLANDDISTRIBUTIONASELEMENTSINPORTCOMPETITIVENESSATTENTIONHEREISFOCUSEDONHOWMARKETAREAHASANIMPACTONPORTGOVERNANCEINTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTATHEINITIALISSUEFOCUSESONTHEDEMANDFORCONTAINER5TRAFCCREATEDBYCHINASINCREASEDPARTICIPATIONINTHEWORLDECONOMYANDO
9、NTHECOMPETITIONBETWEENSHANGHAIANDNINGBOINRESPONSETOTHISDEMANDTHEMAINTIMEFRAMEISTHEPERIODSINCE1990,ASEMINALPERIODMARKEDBYAREASSESSMENTANDREEVALUATIONOFPORTSATTENTIONTHENCENTRESONMEASURINGHINTERLANDACCESSIBILITYTHROUGHADETAILEDEXAMINATIONOFTHESHANGHAIANDNINGBOPORTMARKETAREASCONSIDERATIONOFTHEEFFECTSOF
10、CARGODIVERSIONDOI101111/J14678373200700349XCCOMTOISANDJDONGONCORPORATESTRATEGIESINTHEREGIONISTHENPROVIDEDTHROUGHANASSESSMENTOFCHINASPORTREFORMSCONTAINERTRADEINTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTAGEOGRAPHICALLY,CHINASCONTAINERPORTSYSTEMISCOMPOSEDOFTHREEPORTRANGESTHENORTHERNRANGEAROUNDTHEBOHAIRIM,THECENTRALRANGECENTR
11、EDONTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTA,ANDTHESOUTHERNRANGECOMPRISINGACLUSTEROFPORTSINTHEPEARLRIVERDELTAFIG1TABLE1SHOWSTHATCHINASTOTALCONTAINERTRAFCINCREASEDFROM64MILLIONTEUIN1990TOOVER98MILLIONTEUIN2005OVER86OFCHINASENTIRECONTAINERTHROUGHPUTWASHANDLEDATHONGKONGANDTHETOPTENCONTAINERPORTSINMAINLANDCHINAIN2005THISDY
12、NAMISMISALSOREVEALEDTHROUGHTHECHANGINGMARKETSHAREOFEACHPORTINTHECOUNTRYSTOTALCONTAINERPORTSYSTEMGAINSANDLOSSESMUSTBEINTERPRETEDINTHEBROADERCONTEXTOFINCREASINGINTERRANGEANDINTERPORTCOMPETITIONTHEMOSTDIAGNOSTICFEATUREOFTHECENTRALRANGEISTHEPREEMINENCEOFSHANGHAIBUTWITHNINGBOAPPROXIMATELY200KMTOTHESOUTHE
13、MERGINGASALOADCENTREINHANGZHOUBAYTHESEPORTSHAVETHECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEOFHAVINGMOSTOFTHEREGIONSGANTRYCRANECAPACITYTHISCONCENTRATIONINCONTAINERTRAFCISALSOTHERESULTOFINSUFCIENTWATERDEPTHTOALLOWTHEBERTHINGOFLARGECONTAINERSHIPSDESPITECHINASEXTENSIVECOASTLINETOTALCONTAINERTHROUGHPUTFORTHEPORTOFSHANGHAIINC
14、REASEDFROM456100TEUIN1990TO1808MILLIONTEUIN2005ANAVERAGEANNUALGROWTHRATEOF28IN2005,SHANGHAIOCCUPIEDTHETHIRDPLACEAMONGTHEWORLDSCONTAINERPORTSCIY,2006THEINCREASINGSIZEOFSHIPS6ANDTHEGROWTHINMARITIMETRAFCFORCEDTHESHANGHAIPORTAUTHORITYTOEXAMINETHEPROVISIONOFSITESFORMARITIMEUSESITHASBECOMECLEARTHATDREDGIN
15、GTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTAWASINSUFCIENTTOENSURETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFTHEPORTOFSHANGHAIPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINAMINISTRYOFFOREIGNECONOMICRELATIONSANDTRADE,1992DRI/MCGRAWHILL,1993HUANG1993JIANGSUPROVINCECOMMUNICATIONSDEPARTMENT,1993ZHEJIANGPROVINCE,1997NINGBOTRANSPORTBUREAU,1998SHANGHAISCAPACITYPROBLEMWASSOLVED
16、BYTHECONSTRUCTIONOFANEWPORTSITEINHANGZHOUBAYANDTHEMODICATIONOFTHEYANGSHANISLANDSLANDSCAPETHEPROJECTINCLUDES52BERTHS,A32KMBRIDGETOCONNECTTHEISLANDSTOTHECLOSESTONSHOREPOINTANDASHOREBASEDCONTAINERTERMINALTHENEWPORTOPENEDFORTRAFCINDECEMBER2005ANDWILLBECAPABLEOFHANDLINGOVER20MILLIONTEUPERYEARBY20202007TH
17、EAUTHORSJOURNALCOMPILATION2007VICTORIAUNIVERSITYOFWELLINGTONALTHOUGHTHENINGBOPORTONLYSTARTEDTOHANDLECONTAINERSIN1991,THETOTALTHROUGHPUTREACHED52MILLIONTEUIN2005ANAVERAGEANNUALGROWTHRATEOF43WITHTHISEXTRAORDINARYGROWTHINCONTAINERTRAFC,THENINGBOPORTHASATTRACTEDTHEWORLDSMAINCARRIERS,INCLUDINGMAERSKSEALA
18、ND,MSC,EVERGREEN,PSHANGHAIMUNICIPALSTATISTICSBUREAU,2005VISITSTOCHINAAFFORDEDOPPORTUNITIESTOMEETPORTAUTHORITIES,SHIPPINGLINESANDTERMINALOPERATORSANDTOOBTAINSTATISTICSOF303CCOMTOISANDJDONGCONTAINERIMPORTSANDEXPORTSFROMTHEROADTRANSPORTCOMPANIESOFTHE11PREFECTURELEVELDIVISIONSOFZHEJIANGPROVINCEHANGZHOU,
19、NINGBO,WENZHOU,SHAOXING,JIAXING,HUZHOU,JINHUA,QUZHOU,TAIZHOU,LISHUIANDZHOUSHANFORTHEYEAR1999THESALIENTASPECTSOFTHE1999PATTERNARECONSIDEREDTOPROVIDEABASEFORSUBSEQUENTANALYSISTHEGURESINCLUDEDINTHEACCOUNTSPERMITASSESSMENTOFTHESTRATEGIESPURSUEDBYINTERNATIONALCARRIERSANDTERMINALOPERATORSTOSECURESUCCESSIN
20、THISINCREASINGLYCOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTWHILETHEHINTERLANDSOFNINGBOANDSHANGHAIPORTSOVERLAPINMORETHANONEPROVINCE,THEGEOGRAPHICALSCOPEOFTHESTUDYISLIMITEDTOZHEJIANGPROVINCETHEMAINHINTERLANDOFTHENINGBOPORTISZHEJIANGPROVINCELOCATEDSOUTHOFTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTA,ZHEJIANGPROVINCECOVERSANAREAOF101800KM2ANDHASACO
21、ASTLINETHATEXTENDS6321KM,OFWHICH2200KMBELONGSTOTHEMAINLANDWITHOVER2000ISLANDS,ZHEJIANGISTHEPROVINCEWITHTHELARGESTNUMBEROFOFFHOREISLANDSWATERTRANSPORTATIONISVITALTOZHEJIANGSCOMMERCE,ESPECIALLYINTHENORTHTHEREARE14COASTALPORTSWITHACAPACITYOF10000TONSORMORETHEMAINPORTSARENINGBO,ZHOUSHAN,LINHAIANDWENZHOU
22、FIG3INDUSTRIALOUTPUTVALUEMAKESUPOVER80OFTHETOTALOUTPUTVALUEOFINDUSTRYANDAGRICULTURELIGHTINDUSTRIESPREVAILINZHEJIANGPROVINCETHEYINCLUDECOTTON,SILKANDHEMPTEXTILES,OUR,RICEANDTEAPROCESSINGPAPER,CIGARSANDMATCHESAREALSOPRODUCEDTHEPROVINCEISALSOONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTEXPORTORIENTEDECONOMICREGIONSINCHINAANDG
23、ENERATESANIMPORTANTVOLUMEOFCONTAINERSIN1999,CONTAINERTRAFCINTHEPROVINCEAMOUNTEDTO758621TEU,OFWHICHIMPORTSTOTALLED211747TEUWHILEEXPORTSAMOUNTEDTO546874TEUTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCUSTOMERSFORZHEJIANGPRODUCTSAREEUROPE,THEUNITEDSTATESANDJAPAN,WHICHACCOUNTFOROVER60OFZHEJIANGSOVERSEASCONTAINERMARKETSTHEMOSTIMPORT
24、ANTSOURCESOFCONTAINERTRAFCAREHANGZHOUANDNINGBOWITH70OFALLCONTAINERSGENERATEDINTHEPROVINCETHEANALYSISOFCONTAINERDISTRIBUTIONTHROUGHZHEJIANGPROVINCESMAINLANDAND10MARINEGATEWAYSREVEALSTHAT444OFZHEJIANGCONTAINERTRAFCWERETRANSSHIPPEDTHROUGHTHEPORTOFNINGBO,WHILE426OFTHEPROVINCESCONTAINERSWERESHIPPEDTHROUG
25、HTHEPORTOFSHANGHAIFIG4ADDITIONALINSIGHTSINTOPORTCOMPETITIONCANBEDERIVEDFROMCOMPUTINGTHEMARKETQUOTIENTOFSHANGHAIANDNINGBOPORTSFORCONTAINERSGENERATEDINZHEJIANGPROVINCETABLE3JOURNALCOMPILATION2007VICTORIAUNIVERSITYOFWELLINGTONLINESCALLEDISOPLETHSWHICHCONNECTPOINTSOFEQUALVALUETHE1999MARKETQUOTIENTISOPLE
26、THMAPOFSHANGHAIANDNINGBOPORTSFORCONTAINERSGENERATEDINZHEJIANGPROVINCESHOWSTHEHUZHOUMARKETTHRESHOLDOVERWHICHSERVICESOFFEREDATASPECICLOCATIONISEXPRESSEDTRANSPORTATIONISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTOMARKETQUOTIENTANALYSISASMARKETTHRESHOLDISPARTLYAFUNCTIONOFCOST/TRANSITCOMPETITIVENESSTHEMARKETQUOTIENTFORTHEEXP
27、ORTSANDIMPORTSOFZHEJIANGMAINLANDANDMARINEGATEWAYSUNDERLINESTHEBATTLEFORYANGTZERIVERDELTASUBREGIONALDOMINANCEBETWEENTHEPORTSOFSHANGHAIANDNINGBOANDHIGHLIGHTSTHEIMPORTANCEOFACCESSIBILITYINTHECONTROLOFHANGZHOUCHINASDOMESTICCONTAINERDISTRIBUTIONINSOFARASSHANGHAIFREIGHTTRANSPORTISCONCERNEDSTEADYINCREASESH
28、AVEBEENEXPERIENCEDSINCETHE1980SBOTHINTERMSOFFREIGHTORIGINATEDANDINTERMSOFFREIGHTTURNOVERTHETRANSPORTSECTORHASBEENHARDPRESSEDTOKEEPUPWITHGROWINGDEMANDSINVESTMENTSINLANDTRANSPORTHAVEBEENGIVENAHIGHPRIORITYONTHESHANGHAIAGENDASHANGHAILANDFREIGHTMOVESOVERLONGDISTANCESEVIDENCESHOWSTHATINTERPROVINCERATHERTH
29、ANINTERURBANORINTRAURBANTRAFCISFIGURE4AZHEJIANGCONTAINERTRAFCATSHANGHAIPORT,1999BZHEJIANGCONTAINERTRAFCATNINGBOPORT,1999THATMARKETQUOTIENTISASIMPLECOEFCIENTTHATREECTSTHEATTRACTIONORIMPORTANCEOFONELOCATIONFORAMARKETIEOWSOFPEOPLEANDCARGOAGIVENREGIONTHEMARKETQUOTIENTISCALCULATEDASMIJSHANGHAIPORTSHINTER
30、LANDHASEXTENDEDBEYONDTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTAANDISASSOCIATEDWITHTHEEXPANSIONOFINLANDCONTAINERFEEDERNETWORKSASPARTOFAMULTIMODALSEALANDWATERSYSTEMOFFERINGDOORTODOORSERVICEFIG511THECONTAINERMARKETQUOTIENTANALYSISSHOWSTHATONLYFORCITIESCLOSETONINGBO,SUCHASZHOUSHANANDTAIZHOU,DOESTHENINGBOPORTEXERTADOMINANTMAR
31、KETINUENCEIEMARKETQUOTIENTSFORNINGBOAREGREATERTHANTHOSEFORTHESHANGHAIPORTINTHEPROVINCIALCAPITAL,HANGZHOU,ANDOTHERCITIES,WHILESOMECONTAINERSARESHIPPEDTHROUGHTHEPORTOFNINGBO,WHEREQIJMARKETQUOTIENTREECTSTHEATTRACTIONORIMPORTANCEOFPORTJJ1,2,FORCITYI,I1,2,MIJMARKETSHAREREPORTJFERSTOTHECONTAINERTRAFCGENER
32、ATEDINCITYIANDTRANSSHIPPEDTHROUGHTHEGREATERTHEVALUEOFTHEINDEX,THEGREATERISTHEDEGREEOFCONCENTRATIONOFATYPEOFTRAFCINPARTICULARTERMINALSTHANINOTHERSTHEMARKETQUOTIENTSCANBEILLUSTRATEDONAMAPASSERIESOF2007THEAUTHORSJOURNALCOMPILATION2007VICTORIAUNIVERSITYOFWELLINGTONTHEMAJORITYISROUTEDVIATHEPORTOFSHANGHAI
33、WHILETHEPORTOFNINGBOISPHYSICALLYCLOSERTOTHESOUTHERNPARTSOFZHEJIANGPROVINCE,THECONDITIONSOFTHEROUTESAREPOOR,LEADINGTOADIVERSIONOFCONTAINERTRAFCTOTHEPORTOFSHANGHAIPOORRAILANDROADLINKAGESCONSTRAINMARKETPENETRATIONINTOTHELARGEMARKETSOFHUZHOUANDJIAXINGFIG6THEPURSUITOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESONTHEGLOBALMARKE
34、TANDTHERESULTINGTRENDOFGLOBALOUTSOURCING,MANUFACTURINGANDMARKETINGHAS305FIGURE5AMARKETQUOTIENTOFSHANGHAIPORTFORZHEJIANGCONTAINERIMPORTS,1999BMARKETQUOTIENTOFSHANGHAIPORTFORZHEJIANGCONTAINEREXPORTS,1999FIGURE6AMARKETQUOTIENTOFNINGBOPORTFORZHEJIANGCONTAINERIMPORTS,1999BMARKETQUOTIENTOFNINGBOPORTFORZHE
35、JIANGCONTAINEREXPORTS,1999LEDTOGROWINGDEMANDFORMULTIMODALCAPABILITIESANDINTEGRATEDLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHETRANSPORTATIONINDUSTRY,FROMASYSTEMMADEUPOFAHIGHLYSEGMENTEDSETOFLINKSTOASYSTEMORIENTEDTOWARDSSEAMLESSCHAINS,SUGGESTSTHATOPPORTUNITIESEXISTFORPORTSTOEXPLOITTHISNEWENVIRONMENTDOMINATEDB
36、YLOGISTICSNOTTEBOOMANDWINKELMANS,2001WITHTHEACCESSIONOFCHINATOTHEWORLDTRADEORGANISATION,SUPPLYCHAINSLENGTHENANDINLANDFACILITIESAREINCREASINGLYBECOMINGIMPORTANTVANDERLUGTANDDELANGEN2005HAVEANALYSEDTHECHANGINGROLEOFPORTSASLOCATIONFORLOGISTICSACTIVITIESFINDINGSDERIVEDFROMTHEANALYSISIDENTIFYTWODISTINCTI
37、VEFEATURESCONCERNINGTHE12COMPETITIVENESSBETWEENSHANGHAIANDNINGBOFORIMPORTOWS,PORTSNEEDLOGISTICSACTIVITIESCONCENTRATINGONDISTRIBUTIONFUNCTIONTHEHIGHESTPERFORMANCEISOBTAINEDWITHASINGLELOCATIONWHEREVALUEADDEDACTIVITIESTAKEPLACETOSERVETHECHINESEMARKETLOOKINGATTHEEVOLUTIONOFDISTRIBUTIONRELATEDLOGISTICSIN
38、SHANGHAIANDNINGBO,MULTINATIONALMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIESLOCATEDTHEMSELVESINTHEVICINITYOFTHEPORTAREATHEDOMINANTTRANSPORTMODEISOCEANTRANSPORTFOREXPORTOWS,PORTSREQUIRECONSOLIDATIONOFLOGISTICSACTIVITIESINWHICHOVERSEASMARKETSARESERVICEDOUTGOINGOWSTAKETWOFORMSFIRST,INDIRECTDELIVERY,CONTAINERSGOFROMALOCATIONI
39、NCHINAVIATHEPORTTOACOUNTRYOFDESTINATIONSECOND,PRODUCTIONLOCATIONSONLYPRODUCESPECICPARTSOFNALGOODSTHECONSOLIDATIONOFCONTAINERSTAKESPLACEBEFOREMOVINGTOTHENALDESTINATIONTHISFUNCTIONCANTAKEPLACEEITHERINTHEPORTREGIONORINTHEHINTERLANDTHEGEOGRAPHICALSCOPESERVEDBYTHEPORTISDETERMINEDBYTHEEFCIENCYOFTHEHINTERL
40、ANDTRANSPORTNETWORKTHECOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFMARKETQUOTIENTSBETWEENSHANGHAIANDNINGBOSUGGESTSTHATTHEROLEOFCHINESEPORTSINCONSOLIDATIONLOGISTICSISMOREEXTENSIVETHANINIMPORTDISTRIBUTIONLOGISTICSOUTBOUNDOWISTHEGROWTHMARKETFORCHINESEPORTSPORTREFORMSANDINTERNATIONALCORPORATESTRATEGIESTHEINTERPORTCOMPETITIONAS
41、SOCIATEDWITHTHEEXPLOSIVEGROWTHINCONTAINERTRAFCHASBEENJOURNALCOMPILATION2007VICTORIAUNIVERSITYOFWELLINGTONUNDERPINNEDBYTHEINCREASINGCOMMERCIALISATIONANDTHECORPORATEINVOLVEMENTINPORTOWNERSHIPANDMANAGEMENTACKNOWLEDGINGTHENEEDTOIMPROVEPORTPERFORMANCEANDEFCIENCY,CHINAHASEMBARKEDONANAMBITIOUSINFRASTRUCTUR
42、EPROGRAMMETOEXPANDPORTHANDLINGCAPACITYTHECENTRALGOVERNMENTHASEARMARKEDABUDGETINITSVEYEARPLANSTOUPGRADEPORTSANDINLANDWATERWAYSTHEGOVERNMENTALSOTRANSFERREDTHERESPONSIBILITYOFPORTINFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENTTOMUNICIPALGOVERNMENTSANDAUTHORISEDLOCALAUTHORITIESTOLEVYPORTCONSTRUCTIONFEESTORAISEADDITIONALFUNDI
43、NGFOREIGNAIDISANOTHERSOURCEOFNANCETHEWORLDBANKANDJAPANHAVECONTRIBUTEDSUBSTANTIALLYINUPGRADINGPORTINFRASTRUCTUREINTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTAROBINSONETAL,2001CHINASDOMESTICCOMPANIESHAVEALSOBEENCALLEDUPONTOINVESTINPORT13RENOVATIONANDEXPANSIONCOSCO,THROUGHCOSCOPACIC,THEARMOFTHEBUSINESSENGAGEDINCONTAINERLEASIN
44、GANDCONTAINERTERMINALOPERATIONS,HASBEENAMAJORPARTNERINCONTAINERTERMINALOPERATIONSINTHEPORTSOFSHANGHAISINCE1993ANDHASAMAJORITYSTAKEOF51INTHEPORTOFZHANGJIAGANGCOMTOIS,2003IN1998,COSCOPACICSJOINTVENTURESTRATEGYWASEXTENDEDTOTHEPORTOFTAICANGTHESUCCESSOFCONTAINERACTIVITIESATTHETAICANGPORTHASLEDTHEAUTHORIT
45、IESTOSEEKASECONDCHINESEPLAYERIN2003,THESUZHOUGOVERNMENTEMBARKEDONAJOINTVENTUREAGREEMENTWITHPOPORTSANDCHINAMERCHANTSHOLDINGSINTERNATIONALCOMPANYLIMITEDONEOFTHEMAINSHAREHOLDERSOFMODERNTERMINALLIMITEDHONGKONGWITHAVIEWTOPROVIDINGASUZHOUCONTAINERTERMINALATTHEPORTOFTAICANGPORTFOCUS,2003GIVENTHATTHEINFRAST
46、RUCTUREANDTECHNOLOGICALREQUIREMENTSOFPORTSANDTERMINALSWEREBEYONDDOMESTICNANCIALCAPABILITIES,FOREIGNINVESTMENTSWEREREGARDEDASACRUCIALMEANSTOHELPCHINAREALISETHEDEVELOPMENTPLANSFORITSPORTSREGULATIONSWEREINTRODUCEDIN1985TOPERMITFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTSINPORTDEVELOPMENTSEVERALFACTORSHAVEMOTIVATEDCORPORAT
47、ECONTROLINCHINESEPORTSJOINTVENTUREPROJECTSHAVEBEENESTABLISHEDWITHINEACHOFCHINASMARITIMERANGESINTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTA,THERSTSINOFOREIGNJOINTVENTUREWASESTABLISHEDIN1987BETWEENNANJINGINTERNATIONALCONTAINERHANDLINGCOMPANYANDTHEUSBASEDENCINALTERMINALSIN1993,HUTCHISONPORTHOLDINGSHPH,HEADQUARTEREDINHONGKONG
48、,ESTABLISHEDSHANGHAICONTAINERTERMINALLIMITEDA50/50,US650MILLIONJOINTVENTUREWITHTHESHANGHAIPORTAUTHORITYTOMANAGE,OPERATE,MODERNISEANDEXPANDTHEEXISTINGCONTAINERFACILITIESPREFERENTIALRIGHTSFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSHANGHAISFUTURECONTAINERTERMINALSHAVEBEENGRANTEDTOTHEJOINTVENTURECOMTOISANDRIMMER,1996IN1999,HP
49、HENTEREDINTOANADDITIONALJOINTVENTUREWITHTHESHANGHAIPORTAUTHORITY,COSCOPACICANDSHANGHAIINDUSTRIALINVESTMENTSINA40EQUITYINTERESTFORTHESHANGHAIWAIGAOQIAOTERMINALADJACENTTOPUDONGIN2001,HPHPURSUEDITSACQUISITIONINTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTABYESTABLISHINGAJOINTVENTUREPROJECTWITHTHENINGBOPORTAUTHORITYTOMEETINCREASINGDEMANDFORCONTAINERTRAFCTHEEXPANSIONOFTHENINGBOPORTRECEIVEDADDITIONALSUPPORTWHENCHINAMERCHANTHOLDINGSINTERNATIONALDECIDEDTOINVESTINAFOURBERTHPROJECTONDAXIEISLANDKNOWNASTHEPORTSPHASEVEDEVELOPMENTPLANSCHIU,2004TH
