1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题自由经济区的演化模型资料来源地理科学作者迈克文1介绍自16世纪起,许多具有如提高低关税等特殊经济权力的地区相继被建立。自从1960年,各种各样的新的模式发展起来,他们的重要性上升到了全球范围。全球自由贸易区的发展趋向一个普遍的模式,虽然他们仍旧有着不同的结构。对于自由贸易区,有着众多的理论和实证研究。许多老学者都探讨了跨国“自由贸易区”的创造和转变(瓦伊纳,1950)。然而,大多数的研究仅狭义的集中关注在经济效益,出口加工区的角色(出口加工区),经济特区在发展中国家的发展。少数几个学者尝试提供一个理论框架分析这些经济效益(利益,成本)以标准“2X2X2”为
2、依据的模型对于小的国家(哈密尔顿,1974;斯文森,1982)。其他的呈现普遍的自由贸易区理论(格鲁贝尔,1982;跨国公司中心,1991;巴拉苏不拉,1988)或讨论它的结构,空间的演化过程(麦克科拉,1990;陈,1995)。然而,有些问题至今还无法回答。第一,因为对于自由贸易区统一的定义分级分类还没有提出,所以依然存在许多值得注意的语言和复杂的概念。第二,描述和分析自由贸易区数据的指示系统还未发明出。第三,许多学者分析了经济数据的影响却很少考虑到自由贸易区的进化发展。第四,自由贸易区和区域经济一体化的关联并没有充分的探讨。在这篇论文中,指出七点自由贸易区发展的不足,自由贸易区空间和结构的
3、模型在一个世界的水平,通过分析自由贸易区的主要因素,例如目标、方针、政策、管理、生产部门和地理位置。最后,这篇文章的结论和建议将被进一步探讨。该争论建立在先前的研究和最近自由贸易区在世界和中国的发展。2自由贸易区的进化七个发展自由港的概念,是最古老的自由贸易区,能被追溯到罗马的得洛斯港口,通常引用作为第一设想了这个可能性。后来,在早期中世纪的时候,如此港口也出现在东南部地中海边缘的许多城市。在之后的13世纪,一些城市沿北部和波罗的海建立了“自由贸易工会”(汉萨同盟)。汉堡和不来梅作为“自由的城市”,在自由港口联邦内部扮2演着主要角色。意大利松城通常被公认为第一个联邦会议。在此后,自由贸易区经历
4、了几个发展阶段(蒙,2003)。3自由贸易区模式的结构和空间上的进化自由贸易区曾作为一个工具或器具来认识经济和政治的目标。同样,世界经济,政治,科学发展和知识进步会影响它在不同时期的演化。自由贸易区的演化模型可以通过分析关键因素来总结和定义。31自由贸易区的目标和职责根据近期的评估,自由贸易区在世界经济中的目标和职责,占整个世界贸易总额的比例从1979年的77上升到1985年的20,在早期1990年已接近30。换句话说,自由贸易区的扩张不仅在数量和类型上,而且也在世界,国民,区域经济上也扮演着日益重要的角色。自由贸易区曾被用作为一个工具来认识某些经济,甚至社会政治的目标。进一步包括微观宏观的目
5、标,共同和特殊的目标,从经济到社会政治水平一步一步的演进。通常,自由贸易区更接近类似微观经济学目标,但是宏观经济的很多部分是不一样的。目标涉及到从直接的微观经济到间接的宏观经济目标,反过来说,微观经济和宏观经济目标的演变源自自由贸易区的贸易基础和跨国的自由贸易区。广泛的跨国自由贸易区有多种目标和更多的宏观目标。微观经济目标的发展从创建贸易,出口,雇用,外汇,吸引外资,吸收先进的技术,资金,培训人员,但宏观目标的发展从促进区域发展保管费结构改革,区域合作。最后的目标是价格指数。32自由贸易区的优惠政策为了实现某些特定的目标,自由贸易区被建立在特殊区域,提供的一个稳定的、有利的投资环境,即有发达的
6、基础设施,优惠政策或法律法规。国家和民族经济的发展,它自身的目标和成长都决定着自由贸易区的演化。除非自由贸易区优惠政策的构想先进、发展和自由或者成为法律法规或者从区域方向朝着区域工业的方向转变。自由贸易区具备行政法规,经济法律法规,经济诱因,特权(优惠政策)。优惠政策能代表自由贸易区的法律法规,因为它是重要的组成部分,作为自由贸易区初级阶段的律法。接着是自由贸易区的发展,通过实践将政策转为法律。换句话说,在发达国家中,新建的自由贸易区大多执行优惠政策,或者既有法律又有优惠政策的。比如说,许多自由贸易区的优惠政策在巴拿马,台湾,韩国都超过了有效期。一些中国的保税区形成了局部的向工业组合优惠政策的
7、转变。3伴随着自由贸易区从简单的贸易基础到广泛的跨国贸易,它的优惠内容和程度在不断的丰富和扩大。从贸易扩展到服务,生产,行政,社会,甚至政治界。此外,优惠政策将扩展到自由贸易区以外的地区。例如,现在国民待遇对外国投资者的便利。而且,在统一整体里,自由贸易区达成了许多统一的模式,如自由贸易协定,关税同盟,共同市场,优惠政策转化为基准或共同的经济政策,但是有些自由贸易区并不遵循这些条款。例如,欧盟决定视自由贸易区为普通的海关模式,但自由贸易区的货物,包括货物来自第三方国家,都被视为在欧盟之外的。但是自由贸易区在整体区域中仍扮演着促进自由贸易发展的角色。33自由贸易区治理结构一个成功自由贸易区通常有
8、一个高度责任权威的治理结构,高效率、高灵活性,用长远利益来统观全局,尽管存在一个缺陷,就是政府干预,通过政策控制经济活动,使自由贸易区不能完全的自由,要遵守相应的政府决策。许多自由贸易区分类为四个阶层(1)跨国管理统管经济,社会,政治的联合;(2)国家行政体制负责自由贸易区的立法和监督;(3)区域性管理体制,衡量监管经济和社会动态;(4)自由贸易区负责自身的经济和活动。自由贸易区的权威包括政府、企业模型,混合、分离模型,办公区的模型,跨境行政的模型。自由贸易区行政模式与地区、国家、国际的经济发展和政策相关联。第一,自由贸易区行政模型发展从国民到区域性,因为初期是国家的问题,而之后转为当地政府的
9、责任。第二,从面向企业的转为面向混合模型办公区的。伴随着以市场为导向型经济的发展,许多自由贸易区转变为面向企业型的或混合型的。而且,越来越多的综合型自由贸易区具有混合型区域。第三,跨境行政模型的产生。因为一个国家不能单独治理一个自由贸易区,他妥协在两个或两个以上国家间的协调。34自由贸易区的工业领域工业领域包含着自由贸易区经济发展的关键因素。它的进化发生在每一个区域中。它们已经开发出更全面的方向制造业和服务业。一般来说,自由贸易区产业结构演变而来的贸易、金融和旅游业制造业、农业,也就是第三产业向第二产业和第一产业,相反会演化为典型的区域工业部门。此外,一般标准的经济特区,第二产业都经历了从劳动
10、和资本密集型行业,再到技术或高科技产业。自由贸易区的工业领域由单一化走向多元化。此外,“锦产业结构”依据自由贸易区的计划实行,第一个投资集团,几家大型跨国企业,面向工业的优惠政策和它自身进化的法律。4在自由贸易区初期阶段,工业部门的决策和建立由策划人和投资者决定。在1960年代毛里求斯是一个典型的案例。但是,伴随着自由贸易区的发展,工业部门和支柱产业将重新基于跨国公司投资建立。中国自由贸易区的经验已经证明这一事实。最后,自由贸易区工业值的增加推动了世界生产一体化,因为自由贸易区将融入世界或跨国公司的生产体系。35自由贸易区的地理分布目前的自由贸易区普遍坐落于港口边沿地区的内陆和有良好通讯的跨国
11、区域。它们倾向于空间的扩张。自由贸易区从欧洲扩散到其他的大陆地区,然后又返回。原始的自由贸易区出现在1500年的欧洲,然后在19世纪传到亚洲和非洲,1930年到美国,1980年到大洋洲。反过来,他们相互影响,促进提高。例如,自由贸易区的科技基础出现在美国,然后扩展到欧洲、非洲和其他大陆。电子概念从北美洲和联合王国。自从1960年从发达国家传到欠发达的国家,之后又成返回趋势。5外文文献原文TITLEEVOLUTIONARYMODELOFFREEECONOMICZONESMATERIALSOURCEGEOGRAPHICALSCIENCEAUTHORMICKWEN1INTRODUCTIONMANYK
12、INDSOFAREASWITHSPECIALECONOMICPRIVILEGESLIKETHERIGHTTORAISELOWERTAXESHAVEBEENESTABLISHEDSINCETHE16THCENTURYSINCETHE1960S,AVARIETYOFNEWMODELSHAVEDEVELOPED,ANDTHEIRIMPORTANCEHASRISENONAGLOBALSCALETHEWORLDWIDEDEVELOPMENTOFFREEECONOMICZONEFEZISTENDINGTOWARDSAGENERALMODELALTHOUGHTHEREISSTILLARICHSTRUCTUR
13、EOFDIFFERENTKINDSOFFEZTHEREARENUMEROUSTHEORETICALANDEMPIRICALSTUDIESONFEZTHECLASSICSTUDIESDISCUSSEDTRADECREATIONANDTRADETRANSFERINACROSSNATIONAL“FREETRADEAREA“VINER,1950HOWEVER,MOSTSTUDIESFOCUSEDNARROWLYONTHEECONOMICEFFECTSANDROLESOFEXPORTPROCESSINGZONEEPZANDSPECIALECONOMICZONESEZINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRI
14、ESSEVERALSTUDIESATTEMPTEDTOPROVIDEATHEORETICALFRAMEWORKTOANALYZETHESEECONOMICEFFECTSBENEFITSANDCOSTSBASEDONTHESTANDARD2X2X2HECKOHLINTRADEMODELFORSMALLCOUNTRIESHAMADA,1974HAMILTONANDSVENSSON,1982OTHERSPRESENTEDAGENERALTHEORYOFFEZGRUBEL,1982UNCTC,1991BALASUBRAMALAYAN,1988,ORTHEYDISCUSSEDITSSTRUCTURALA
15、NDSPATIALEVOLUTIONMCCALLA,1990CHEN,1995HOWEVER,SEVERALQUESTIONSHAVENOTBEENANSWEREDYETFIRST,THERESTILLREMAINSSOMENOTABLELINGUISTICANDCONCEPTUALCONFUSIONABOUTTHEDEFINITIONOFFEZSINCEAGENERALTYPOLOGICALCLASSIFICATIONHASNOTYETBEENADVANCEDSECOND,ANINDICATORSYSTEMTODESCRIBEANDANALYZEFEZSHASNOTBEENDEVELOPED
16、THIRD,MOSTSTUDIESANALYZEDTHESTATICECONOMICEFFECTS,WHILEONLYLITTLECONSIDERATIONHASBEENGIVENTOTHEGENERALEVOLUTIONOFFEZFOURTH,THEINHERENTRELATIONBETWEENFEZANDTHECONCEPTOFREGIONALECONOMICINTEGRATIONREIHASNOTBEENWHOLLYDISCUSSEDINTHISPAPER,FOLLOWINGASHORTOUTLINEOFTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHESEVENGENERATIONSOFFEZ,AST
17、RUCTURALANDSPATIALEVOLUTIONARYMODELOFFEZONANINTERNATIONALLEVELWILLBEDEVELOPEDBYANALYZINGKEYFACTORSOFFEZSUCHASOBJECTIVES,PREFERENTIALPOLICY,ADMINISTRATION,INDUSTRIALSECTORANDLOCATIONFINALLY,THERESULTSOFTHISPAPERANDFURTHER6RESEARCHSUGGESTIONSWILLBEDISCUSSEDTHEARGUMENTSAREBASEDONPREVIOUSSTUDIESANDONTHE
18、RECENTDEVELOPMENTOFFEZSALLOVERTHEWORLDANDINCHINA2FEZSEVOLUTIONSEVENGENERATIONSTHEIDEAOFFREEPORTFP,ASTHEOLDESTFFZ,CANBETRACEDBACKTOTHEROMANPORTOFDELOSCOMMONLYCITEDASTHEFIRSTTOHAVECONCEIVEDOFTHISPOSSIBILITYSUBSEQUENTLY,SUCHPORTSALSOAROSEINSOMECITYSTATESVENICEALONGTHEEASTERNANDSOUTHERNRIMOFTHEMEDITERRA
19、NEANINTHEEARLYMIDDLEAGESMCCALLA,1990INTHELATE13THCENTURY,SOMECITIESALONGTHENORTHANDBALTICSEAESTABLISHEDTHE“FREETRADEUNION“HANSEATICLEAGUEHAMBURGANDBREMEN,AS“FREECITIES“FCS,PLAYEDADOMINANTROLEINSIDETHEUNIONFREEPORTLEYGHORN1547INTHEITALIANCITYOFCENOAISGENERALLYACKNOWLEDGEDASTHEFIRSTFPCUO,1987HAMBURGFC
20、ANDLEYGHORNFPSYMBOLIZEDTHEBIRTHOFFEZSTHEREAFTER,FEZSEXPERIENCESSEVERALDEVELOPMENTSTAGESMENG,20033STRUCTURALANDSPATIALEVOLUTIONARYMODELOFFEZFEZHASBEENUSEDASATOOLORINSTRUMENTTOREALIZEECONOMICANDPOLITICALOBJECTIVESATTHESAMETIME,THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEWORLDECONOMY,POLITICS,ANDTHEPROGRESSINSCIENCEANDTECHNOLO
21、GYWILLINFLUENCEITSEVOLUTIONDURINGDIFFERENTPERIODSTHEEVOLUTIONARYMODELOFFEZCANBESUMMARIZEDANDDEFINEDBYANALYZINGITSKEYFACTORS31FEZSOBJECTIVESANDROLESFEZSOBJECTIVESANDROLESINTHEWORLDECONOMYACCORDINGTOARECENTESTIMATELIU,1994,THESHAREOFTHEWORLDSTOTALTRADEACCOUNTEDFORBYALLTHEFEZSROSEFROM77IN1979TO20IN1985
22、ANDAROUND30INTHEEARLY1990SINOTHERWORDS,FEZHASAUGMENTEDNOTONLYINNUMBERANDTYPOLOGY,BUTHASALSOPLAYEDANINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTROLEINTHEWORLD,NATIONAL,ANDREGIONALECONOMYSINCETHE1500STHEFEZISUSEDASANINSTRUMENTORTOOLTOREALIZECERTAINECONOMIC,ANDEVENSOCIALANDPOLITICALGOALSFURTHERTHEYINCLUDEMICROANDMACROOBJECTI
23、VES,COMMONANDSPECIALOBJECTIVES,ANDTHEYEVOLVESTEPBYSTEPFROMTHEECONOMICTOTHESOCIALANDPOLITICALLEVELGENERALLY,FEZHASMORESIMILARMICROECONOMICOBJECTIVES,BUTTHEMACROOBJECTIVESAREFORTHEMOSTPARTDIFFERENTFROMEACHOTHERTHEOBJECTIVESEVOLVEDFROMTHEDIRECTMICROECONOMICOBJECTIVESTOTHEINDIRECTMACROECONOMICOBJECTIVES
24、,OR,INRETURN,THEMICROANDMACROECONOMICOBJECTIVESEVOLVEDFROMTHETRADEBASEDFEZTOTHE7COMPREHENSIVEANDCROSSBORDERFEZSTHECOMPREHENSIVEANDCROSSBORDERFEZSHAVEMULTIOBJECTIVESANDMOREMACROOBJECTIVESTHEMICROOBJECTIVESEVOLVEDFROMCREATINGTRADE,EXPORT,EMPLOYMENT,FOREIGNEXCHANGE,ANDATTRACTINGFOREIGNCAPITALTOABSORBIN
25、GADVANCEDTECHNOLOGY,INVESTMENT,ANDTRAININGPERSONNEL,BUTTHEMACROOBJECTIVESEVOLVEDFROMPROMOTINGREGIONALDEVELOPMENTTOCARRYINGOUTSTRUCTURALREFORMANDREGIONALCOOPERATIONITSFINALGOALISREI32FEZSPREFERENTIALPOLICYINORDERTOREALIZETHECERTAINOBJECTIVES,FEZSAREESTABLISHEDINTHESELECTEDZONESANDPROVIDEDASTABLEANDPR
26、OFITABLEINVESTMENTENVIRONMENT,NAMELYWELLDEVELOPEDINFRASTRUCTUREANDTHEPREFERENTIALPOLICYORTHELAWANDREGULATIONSITSEVOLUTIONWILLBEDETERMINEDBYNATIONALANDINTERNATIONALECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,ITSOWNOBJECTIVESANDDEVELOPMENTINTHECASEOFONEFEZ,HEPREFERENTIALPOLICYWILLBEFORMULATED,DEVELOPED,ANDABANDONED,ORWILLBEC
27、OMETHELAWSANDREGULATIONS,ORWILLBETRANSFORMEDFROMREGIONALORIENTATIONTOTHECOMBINATIONOFREGIONALANDINDUSTRYORIENTATIONAFEZPOSSESSESADMINISTRATIVELAWSANDREGULATIONS,ECONOMICLAWANDREGULATIONSANDECONOMICINCENTIVESANDPRIVILEGESPREFERENTIALPOLICYTHEPREFERENTIALPOLICYCANREPRESENTFEZSLAWSANDREGULATIONSBECAUSE
28、ITISTHEIMPORTANTPARTANDPRIMARYSTAGEOFFEZSLAWSANDREGULATIONSFOLLOWINGTHEFEZSDEVELOPMENT,THEPOLICYWILLBETRANSFORMEDTHROUGHPRACTICETOLAWPOLICYPRACTICELAWINOTHERWORDS,THENEWLYESTABLISHEDFEZSMOSTLYCARRYOUTTHEPREFERENTIALPOLICYSUCHASTHEEPZSANDFTZSINLESSDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,BUTTHEOLDONESCARRYOUTTHELAWSANDREG
29、ULARDONSSUCHASTHEFPSANDFTZSINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,ORAFEZHASBOTHLAWSANDREGULATIONSANDPREFERENTIALPOLICYFOREXAMPLE,MANYPREFERENTIALPOLICIESOFEPZSINPANAMA,TAIWANANDROKOREAEXCEEDEDTHEPERIODOFVALIDITYMANYFEZSLAWSANDREGULATIONSCANBEFOUNDINSOMEOLDFPSSUCHASTHEFIRSTFPLEYGHORNSOMEFEZSINCHINATRANSFORMEDTHEIRR
30、EGIONALORIENTEDTOTHECOMBINATIONOFREGIONALORIENTEDANDINDUSTRYORIENTEDPREFERENTIALPOLICYTHEPREFERENTIALCONTENTSANDDEGREEAREENRICHEDANDENLARGEDFOLLOWINGTHEEVOLUTIONOFFEZSFROMTHETRADEBASEDTOTHECOMPREHENSIVEANDCROSSBORDERFEZSITEXPANDEDFROMTHETRADETOTHESERVICE,PRODUCTION,ADMINISTRATIVEANDSOCIAL,EVENPOLITI
31、CALFIELDINADDITION,PREFERENTIALPOLICYWILLBEEXPANDEDTOTHEREGIONSOUTSIDETHEFEZS,FORINSTANCE,8PRESENTTHENATIONALTREATMENTTOTHEFOREIGNINVESTORSINSIDEOROUTSIDEFEZSMOREOVER,INTHEWELLINTEGRATEDREGION,FEZSAREUNITEDWITHSOMETYPESOFREISUCHASFTA,CUSTOMUNIONCU,ANDCOMMONMARKETCM,ANDTHEPREFERENTIALPOLICYHASBEENTRA
32、NSFORMEDINTOORREPLACEDBYTHEBASICPRINCIPLEANDCOMMONECONOMICPOLICYOFREI,BUTSOMEFEZSARESTILLTREATEDASANEXCEPTIONOFTHETREATYOFREIFOREXAMPLE,THEEUDECIDEDTHATFEZISPARTOFITSCOMMONCUSTOMSSYSTEM,BUTGOODSWITHINTHEFEZ,INCLUDINGGOODSFROMTHETHIRDCOUNTRY,ARESEENASGOODSOUTSIDETHEEU33FEZSGOVERNANCESTRUCTUREASUCCESS
33、FULFEZMIGHTHAVEAGOVERNANCESTRUCTUREWITHHIGHRESPONSIBILITYAUTHORITY,HIGHEFFICIENCY,HIGHFLEXIBILITY,ANDLONGTERMINTERESTPERSPECTIVESWHOSETASKISTOPLAN,ADMINISTER,COORDINATE,ANDDEVELOPECONOMICANDSOCIALACTIVITYWITHINTHEZONEINCLOSECOOPERATIONWITHTHEHOSTCOUNTRYSAUTHORITYALTHOUGHTHEREISAGENERALLACKOFGOVERNME
34、NTINTERVENTIONANDSTRONGPOLITICALCONTROLOFECONOMICACTIVITIESINFEZS,THEZONESARENOTCOMPLETELY“FREE“FROMSTATEINFLUENCEINTHATTHEYAREALLSUBJECTTOSOMEFORMSANDDEGREEOFINTERNATIONAL,NATIONAL,ANDREGIONALADMINISTRATIVEGOVERNANCEMOSTFEZSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOFOURADMINISTRATIVELEVELS1ACROSSNATIONALLEVELINSTITUTIONI
35、SRESPONSIBLEFORTHECROSSNATIONALECONOMIC,SOCIALANDPOLITICALCOOPERATIONOFFEZS2THENATIONALADMINISTRATIVESYSTEMISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEMACRODECISIONMAKINGOFFEZSSUCHASLEGISLATIONANDSUPERVISION3THEREGIONALADMINISTRATIVESYSTEMMEANSTHATSTATEANDPROVINCEGOVERNANDSUPERVISETHEECONOMICANDSOCIALAFFAIRSOFFEZSLI,1996AND
36、4THEFEZSAUTHORITYITSELFISRESPONSIBLEFORITSOWNECONOMICANDSOCIALACTIVITYTHEFEZSAUTHORITYINCLUDESTHEGOVERNMENTANDENTERPRISEORIENTEDMODELS,THEMIXEDORSEPARATEDMODEL,THEMODELOFADMINISTRATIVEAREA,ANDTHECROSSBORDERADMINISTRATIVEMODELTHEREVOLUTIONSOFFEZSADMINISTRATIVEMODELRELATESTOTHEVARIOUSTYPESOFFEZSANDREG
37、IONAL,NATIONAL,ANDINTERNATIONALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDPOLICIESFIRST,FEZSADMINISTRATIVEMODELEVOLVEDFROMNATIONALTOREGIONALANDFEZLEVELBECAUSEFEZSESTABLISHMENTISINITIALLYTHECOUNTRYSMATTERANDTHENTHEMATTEROFLOCALGOVERNMENTALSECOND,FEZAUTHORITYEVOLVEDFROMTHEGOVERNMENTORIENTED,FROMTHEENTERPRISEORIENTEDANDTHE
38、MIXEDMODELTOTHEMODELOFADMINISTRATIVEAREAALONGWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMARKETORIENTEDECONOMY,ALOTOFFEZSWERETRANSFORMEDTOORSELECTEDFROMTHE9ENTERPRISEORIENTEDANDMIXEDMODELMOREOVER,MOREANDMORECOMPREHENSIVEFEZSPOSSESSAMIXEDMODELOFANADMINISTRATIVEAREAANDFEZTHIRD,THECROSSBORDERADMINISTRATIVEMODELHASTAKENPLACEBE
39、CAUSEONECOUNTRYCANNOTGOVERNACROSSBORDERFEZALONG,THECOMPROMISEBETWEENTHETWOORMORECOUNTRIESLEDTOTHECROSSBORDERADMINISTRATIVEMODELWITHBOTHCHARACTERISTICSOFFEZSANDREIFINALLY,THEEVOLUTIONOFTHENATIONALADMINISTRATIVESYSTEMANDTHECROSSBORDERMODELLEDTOTHECROSSNATIONALINSTITUTIONALIZATIONOFWORLDREI34FEZSINDUST
40、RIALSECTORSINDUSTRIALSECTORCONSISTSOFTHEKEYFACTORSINDICATEFEZECONOMICDEVELOPMENTITSEVOLUTIONOCCURSINEACHFEZTHEYHAVEDEVELOPEDMORECOMPREHENSIVESECTORSWITHASTRONGERORIENTATIONTOWARDCAPITALANDTECHNOLOGYINTENSIVEMANUFACTURINGANDSERVICESGENERALLYSPEAKING,FEZSINDUSTRIALSTRUCTUREEVOLVEDFROMTHETRADE,FINANCIA
41、LANDTOURISMTOTHEMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESANDAGRICULTURE,NAMELYFROMTERTIARYINDUSTRYTOSECONDARYANDPRIMARYINDUSTRIES,WHICHTURNSOUTCONTRARYTOTHEEVOLUTIONARYORDEROFATYPICALREGIONALINDUSTRIALSECTORMOREOVER,LIKETHENORMALECONOMICZONE,SECONDARYINDUSTRYISTRANSFORMEDFROMLABORANDCAPITALINTENSIVETOTECHNOLOGYINTENS
42、IVEINDUSTRYORHIGHTECHINDUSTRYTHEINDUSTRIALSECTORSOFFFZSWILLEVOLVEFROMSINGLESECTORTOMULTISECTORSINADDITION,THE“INLAIDINDUSTRIALSTRUCTURE“OFFEZISDETERMINEDBYTHEFEZSPLANNING,THEFIRSTINVESTMENTGROUP,SEVERALLARGETRANSNATIONALCORPORATIONS,THEINDUSTRYORIENTEDPREFERENTIALPOLICYANDITSOWNEVOLUTIONARYLAWATTHEP
43、RIMARYSTAGEOFAFEZ,THEINDUSTRIALSECTORISDETERMINEDANDESTABLISHEDBYTHEPLANNERANDTHEFIRSTGROUPOFINVESTORS,SUCHASEPZSINTHELESSDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESINTHE1960SMAURITIUSWASATYPICALCASEUNCTC,1990BUT,FOLLOWINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFEZ,THEINDUSTRIALSECTORANDPILLARINDUSTRYWOULDBENEWLYREBUILTBASEDONTHEINVESTMENTOFSEVERA
44、LTRANSNATIONALCORPORATIONSANDTHEEVOLUTIONOFINDUSTRIALSECTORSTHEEXPERIENCEOFCHINESEFEZSHASPROVENTHISFACTFINALLY,THEEVOLUTIONOFINDUSTRIALSECTOROFFEZPROMOTEDWORLDPRODUCTIONINTEGRATIONBECAUSEFEZWILLBEINTEGRATEDINTOTHEPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSOFTHEWORLDORTRANSNATIONALCORPORATIONS35FEZ“SGEOGRAPHICALSPREADFEZSAREN
45、OWFLEXIBLYLOCATEDFROMTHEPORTSINTHECOASTALREGIONSTOTHEINTERIORAND10TOTHECROSSBORDERREGIONWITHFAVORABLECOMMUNICATIONSTHEYTENDTOEXPANDSPATIALLYFEZSSPREADFROMEUROPETOOTHERCONTINENTSANDTHENRETURNFEZSORIGINALLYAROSEINEUROPEINTHE1500S,ANDTHENSPREADTOASIAANDAFRICAINTHE19THCENTURY,TOAMERICAINTHE1930SANDTOOCEANIAINTHE1980SINRETURN,THEYINFLUENCEDANDPROMOTEDEACHOTHERFOREXAMPLE,THESCIENCEBASEDFEZSEMERGEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESANDSPREADTOEUROPE,ASIAANDOTHERCONTINENTSTHEEPZCONCEPTSPREADFROMASIATONORTHAMERICAANDTHEUKFEZSHAVESPREADFROMTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESTOTHELESSDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESSINCETHE1960SANDTHENRETURNED