1、期末复习题一、Answering the following questions:1、Discuss the relationship between quality control and generally accepted auditing standards.讨论质量控制与公认审计标准之间的关系。2、Two types of attestation services provided by CPA firms are audits and reviews. Discuss the similarities and differences between these two types
2、of attestation services. Which type provides the least assurance?审计与评论是两种由（注册公共）会计事务所提供的认证服务类型。讨论这两种认证服务的相同与不同之处。哪一种类型提供了最小的保证？3、There are five conditions that must be met before an auditor can issue a standard unqualified report for the audit of a private company. Please discuss each of these five
3、conditions.审计员在对私人公司的审计发出一个标准，不合格报告前必须满足五种条件/情况。请讨论每一种条件/情况。4、There are three conditions requiring a departure from an unqualified audit report. Discuss each of these three conditions and state the appropriate audit report for each condition.违背/违反一个不合格的审计报告有三个条件。讨论每一个条件并陈述每个条件适当的审计。5、Discuss the thr
4、ee primary requirements for becoming a CPA.讨论成为一名注册会计师所需的三大要求。6、Distinguish between audit risk and audit failure.辨别审计风险和审计失败。7、There are ten generally accepted auditing standards, divided into three categories. List, by category, each of these ten standards.有十个被普遍接受的审计标准，被分为三个类别。按类别，列出这十个标准。8、Distin
5、guish between managements responsibility and the auditors responsibility for the financial statements under audit.区分在审计财务报表时管理者的责任和审计师的责任。9、Describe the six organizational structures available to CPA firms.描述六个组织结构可供注册会计事务所（选择？） 。10、Discuss how materiality affects audit reporting decisions.讨论如何实质性影响
6、审计报告的决定。11、 There are five conditions that must be met before an auditor can issue a standard unqualified report for the audit of a private company. Please discuss each of these five conditions. （此题重复 3）Answers:1. For a CPA firm, quality control encompasses the methods used to make sure that the fir
7、m meets its professional responsibilities to clients. Quality control is closely related to, but distinct from, GAAS. A CPA firm must make sure that GAAS are followed on every audit. Quality controls are the procedures used by the CPA firm that help it meet requirements demanded by GAAS on every eng
8、agement in a consistent manner. 一家注册会计事务所，用质量控制的方法来确保公司满足其对客户的职业责任。质量控制是与公认会计准则密切相关的，但又区别于它。一家注册会计事务所必须确保每个审计员都遵循公认会计准则。质量控制是注册会计事务所使用的程序，以每个参与一致的方式来帮助它满足公认会计准则的要求。2. （纠结）Two primary types of attestation services are: audits of historical financial statements and reviews of historical financial stat
9、ements. While both services involve the accumulation and evaluation of evidence regarding assertions made by management in the companys financial statements, a review involves a less extensive examination and provides a lower level of assurance about the clients financial statements than an audit.两种
10、基本类型的认证服务:审计历史的财务报表和回顾历史的财务报表。虽然两服务涉及积累和评估的证据的断言关于管理公司的财务报表，回顾了少涉及广泛的检查和提供一个较低的水平,保证客户的财务报表的审计比。3. The five conditions that justify issuing a standard unqualified report are:发布标准不合格报告的五个情况是：* All statementsbalance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings, and statement of cash flowsar
11、e included in the financial statements.* 所有报表资产负债表，损益表，留存收益表以及现金流量表财务报表所包含的。* The three general standards of GAAS have been followed in all respects on the engagement.* 公认会计准则的三个常规标准在各个方面都被遵循。* Sufficient appropriate audit evidence has been accumulated and the auditor can conclude that the three fie
12、ldwork standards have been followed.* 充分恰当的证据已经被累积，审计员可以推断出这三个领域的标准已经被遵循。* The financial statements are presented in accordance with GAAP.* 财务报表依照公认会计原则被推出。* There are no circumstances requiring the addition of an explanatory paragraph or modification of the wording of the report.* 有任何情况下需要再加一个说明文字段
13、落或修改的报告。4、The three conditions requiring a departure from an unqualified report are:违背不合格报告的三个情况是：* a scope restriction imposed by the client or by circumstances beyond the auditors or clients control which prevents the auditor from accumulating sufficient evidence to reach a conclusion regarding wh
14、ether financial statements are stated in accordance with GAAP. In this condition, the auditor would issue either a qualified scope and opinion report, or a disclaimer of opinion.* 一个范围限制，由委托人和被环境强加的，超越审计或顾客的控制器,这个控制器是防止审计师积聚足够的证据来达成对于财务报表是否符合公认会计原则的规定的结论。在这种情况下,审计师会发表一个合格的范围和意见报告,或拒绝表示意见。* the finan
15、cial statements were not prepared in accordance with GAAP. In this condition, the auditor would issue a qualified opinion if the GAAP violation were moderately material, or an adverse opinion if the GAAP violation were highly material. 财务报表并不准备按照公认会计原则。在这种情况下,审计师会发表一个合格的观点如果违反公认会计原则是适度的资料,或不利的观点如果违反
16、了公认会计原则是高度的材料。the auditor is not independent. In this condition, the auditor must issue a disclaimer审核员不是独立。在这种情况下,审核员必须出具免责声明。5、The three primary requirements for becoming a CPA are:成为一个注册会计师的三大要求是：* Educational requirement. An undergraduate degree with a major in accounting is required. Most state
17、s now require 150 semester hours for licensure and some states require 150 semester hours before taking the CPA exam.教育需求。本科学历,主修会计是必需的。大多数州要求 150个学期时间为了发给许可还有一些州要求 150 个学期小时才可以参加注册会计师考试。* Uniform CPA examination requirement. This is a four-part exam with components on auditing and attestation, fina
18、ncial accounting and reporting, regulation, and business environment and concepts. * 统一的注册会计师考试的需求。这是四个的考试和组件为审计、认证、财务会计报告、调控和商业环境和概念。* Experience requirement. The experience requirement varies from state to state with some states requiring no experience, while other states require up to two years o
19、f audit experience.* 经验需求。各州的经验要求不同，一些州不需要经验,而其他州需要两年的审计工作经验。* 6. Audit risk is the risk that the auditor will conclude that the financial statements are fairly stated and issue an unqualified report when, in fact, the financial statements are materially misstated. An audit failure occurs when the a
20、uditor, as a result of his or her failure to follow GAAS, issues an erroneous audit report.* 审计风险是审计员会得出这样结论的风险:财务报表是公平陈述的,并在出具不合格报告时,事实上,财务报表是重大误报。审计失误发生时,审计师就会发行一个错误审核报告,由于他或她没有遵循公认会计准则。7 General Standards普遍标准* Adequate technical training and proficiency.* 足够的技术培训和熟练度* Independence in mental attit
21、ude.* 独立的心态* Due professional care.* 预期的专业护理Standards of Fieldwork野外工作的标准* Adequate planning and supervision.* 足够的规划和管理* Understand the entity and its environment including internal control.* 理解实体（本质）及其环境包括内部控制。* Sufficient appropriate audit evidence.* 足够合适的审计证据。Standards of Reporting报告（申报）的标准* Whet
22、her statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP.* 是否准备按照公认会计原则* Circumstances when GAAP was not consistently followed.* 当公认会计原则没有持续被遵守的情况* Adequacy of informative disclosures.* 足够的情报信息披露* Expression of opinion on financial statements as a whole.* 以财务报表作为一个整体表达意见8 Management is responsible for a
23、dopting appropriate accounting policies, maintaining adequate internal control, and making fair representations in the financial statements. The auditors responsibility is to perform an audit designed to provide reasonable assurance of detecting any material misstatements in the financial statements
24、 and to express an opinion on those financial statements at the conclusion of the audit.管理部门负责采取适当的会计政策,保持足够的内部控制，并在财务报表中做到公平的表现。审计师的责任是要进行审计目的在于在财务报表中提供了检测任何实质性的合理保证,并对这些财务报表的审核发表意见。9CPA firms can take one of six organizational forms:注册会计事务所可以采取的六个组织形式* Proprietorship. This form is limited to firms
25、 with only one owner.* 独资企业。这种形式是有限公司的所有者只有一个。* General partnership. This form is similar to a proprietorship, except that it applies to multiple owners.* 一般/（普通）合伙企业。这个形式类似于独资企业,除此之外,它适用于多个业主（所有者） 。* General corporation. Unlike a general partnership, shareholders in a general corporation are liable
26、 only to the extent of their investment in the corporation.* 通用公司。不像一般的伙伴关系,通用公司股东的责任仅是负责他们在公司的投资范围/程度。* Professional corporation. Professional corporations can have one or more shareholders. Personal liability protection for shareholders in professional corporations varies widely from state to stat
27、e.* 专业公司。专业的公司可以拥有一个或更多的股东。专业公司的个人责任保护股东在各州之间广泛变化。* Limited liability company. This form combines the most favorable attributes of a general corporation and a general partnership. LLCs are taxed like a general partnership, but its owners have limited personal liability like shareholders of a general
28、 corporation.* 股份有限公司（有限责任公司 /企业） 。这种形式结合了通用公司和普通合伙企业最有利的属性。有限责任企业纳税,如同普通合伙企业,但其所有者的个人责任如何通用公司股东一样。* Limited liability partnership. An LLP is structured and taxed like a general partnership. However, the personal liability protection of an LLP is less than that of a general corporation or an LLC, but it is greater than a general partnership. Many accounting firms now operate as LLPs.* 有限（债务）责任合伙企业。有限责任合伙是结构和纳税像一般合伙企业。然而,有限责任合伙的个人责任保护比通用公司或有限责任企业小,但它比一般合伙企业大。现在许多会计师事务像有限责任合伙企业般运作。
