1、第 1章 人类与环境Chapter 1 Humanity and Environment1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons公共物品的悲剧The tragedy of the commons an articles title， in 1968, Garrett Hardin of the University of California (in Science magazine)Its principal argument was that a society which permitted perfect freedom of action in activitie
2、s that adversely influenced common properties was eventually doomed to failure. 什么是公共物品？herdsman(牧民 )animals1、公共物品（ the commons）sizelushnessovergrazing(过度放牧 )关键词 ：（ 1）公共牧场 （ the community pasture）(2) 公共交通网 （ the common road network）关键词 ： traffic density 交通流量At low levels of traffic densityAt some cr
3、itical densityThe common pasture and the common road network are examples of societal systems that are basically local in extent, and can be addressed by local societal action. (3) 环境 （ the environmental commons ）关键词：local commons global commonsIt is undeniable that modern technology has provided en
4、ormous benefits to the worlds peoples: a longer life span(寿命 ), increased mobility（流动性） , decreased manual labor（劳动强度） , and widespread literacy(教育水平提高 ), to name a few.2、对技术进步的思考（ concerns about the relationships between industrial activity and Earths environment ）uIn the last 100 years, the worlds
5、 industrial production has increased more than 100-fold. uIn the early 1900s, production of synthetic organic chemicals was minimal; today, it is over 225 billion pounds per year in the U.S. alone. uSince 1900, the rate of global consumption of fossil fuel has increased by a factor of 50. 关键词：倍数、时间H
6、uman activities appear to be rapidly consuming the ability of the atmosphere to act as a sink(汇 ) for the by-products of our economic practices.关键词：环境压力3、人口增长（ human population growth）Human population growth is, of course, a major factor fueling this explosive industrial growth and expanded use and consumption of materials. 人口增长是导致工业快速发展和资源消耗快速增加的主要因素之一 。人口的变化1700年以来，世界人口增长了 10倍，现在大约为 60亿21世纪后期，预计全球人口可能为 100120亿 a managed reduction of growth a managed reduction of population to a lower level an unmanaged crash
