1、1反梯度推移理论在中国城镇化背景下生产和金融要素的综合利用摘要：自上世纪 70 年代中期梯度理论产生至今，经过不断的发展和演进，后人针对梯度推移理论的缺陷，提出了反梯度推移理论。这一理论尤其对二线和三线城市有重要的借鉴意义。 中国改革开放三十多年来，经过跨越式的大发展，已具备推行反梯度推移理论的现实基础。各地区城市借助于产业集群，做大做强重点产业，通过大力发展对外进出口贸易，并界定地方政府的职责，推进各地区的特色产业，进而实现各地区城市的平衡发展，有效地解决区域发展严重差距，真正实现人的城镇化。 关键词：反梯度推移理论 城镇化 综合应用 一.引言 针对我国经济分布的不平衡性，梯度理论把中国的地
2、域空间按照经济发展水平划分为东、中、西三个地带，实行由东向西逐步推移的战略。该理论为中国区域经济发展进程做出了重要的历史性贡献。 本文拟在阐述反梯度推移理论的提出及其应用条件，就中国的城市和产业发展、战略选择的路径做出初步的探讨，进而破解城镇化的难题。二.反梯度推移理论的提出及其应用条件 （一）梯度推移理论的主要论点 2早在 20 世纪 60、70 年代，在赫克曼（Hirschman，A、D，1958） ，威廉姆（Villianmsion，JG，1965） 的不平衡发展理论和美国哈佛大学弗农（Vornon、R，1966）等人的工业生产生命循环阶段论的基础上，区域经济学家克鲁默（Krumme，G
3、） 、海特（Hayor，R，1975）等人创立了区域发展梯度推移理论1。其主要论点2： 第一，假如主导专业化部门处在创新阶段说明自今后某一个时期内经济仍然可以持续发展，这种地区是经济发展的高梯度地区，即发达地区。假如主导专业化部门处在成熟阶段后期或衰老阶段，地区经济必然会出现缓慢增长或衰退的现象，这种地区属于低梯度地区，即欠发达地区。 第二，创新活动大多起源于高梯度地区，随着生命循环阶段的变化，逐步由高梯度地区向低梯度地区转移。其中，创新活动包括新产业部门、新产品、新技术、新的生产管理与组织方法等。 （二）反梯度推移理论的提出及其应用条件 反梯度推移理论是针对梯度理论的缺陷而提出的。如果简单地
4、按照梯度推移理论，欠发达地区产业发展只是一味靠追踪发达地区，由于梯度推进线路过长，梯度推进时间过久，偏远区域很难得到足够的资源，且中间需要长期的消化、整合、完善等过程。因此，欠发达地区与发达地区之间的差距可能非但没有缩小，反而进一步拉大3。为此，一些学者提出了反梯度推移理论。 第一，反梯度推移理论的含义 3该理论指出，虽然地区间存在着经济技术水平的梯度，但这种现有的生产力水平的梯度顺序，不一定就是先进技术引进和经济开发的顺序，是梯度推移还是反梯度推移，只能由经济发展的需要和可能来决定。如果低梯度地区的经济发展存在着比较好的外在经济效应，且又有市场的需要，并具备必备的条件，就可通过引进先进的技术
5、，进行大规模的开发，实施超越发展，达到一定程度后便可向高一级梯度的地区进行反向推移4。 第二，运用反梯度推移理论的条件 （rmo4DmtYvms6jmhI/kuovpobnliIbmnpAk5bu6562R546w5Zy65qOA5rWL5rOo5oSP5LqL6aG55YiG5p6QZAIMD2QWAmYPFQQADXNwengyMDE0MDMyMjIn5YWz5LqO6aOf5ZOB5qOA6aqM5o6n5Yi25L2T57O755qE5o6i57SiJ+WFs+S6jumjn+WTgeajgOmqjOaOp+WItuS9k+ezu+eahOaOoue0omQCDQ9kFgJmDxUEA
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