1、 1【宾语从句】在英语中，有简单句(只含一个谓语动词 )、并列句(用连词连接，含不止一个谓语动词)和复合句( 含从句)。本节课我们复习复合句里面的宾语从句。如：She knows that he will come back soon. Im afraid that I cant go to your party.1. 宾语从句的【引导词】宾语从句的引导词分三种。(1) 如果从句是陈述句，引导词用 that.（that 在口语中常省略）主句：He says. 从句：He is tired of playing computer games. He says that he is tired o
2、f playing computer games. (2) 如果从句是一般疑问句 ，引导词用 if/whether，表示“是否”。主句：I dont know 从句：Does Tom likes fish? I dont know if / whether Tom likes fish. 【注意】 whether 引导的从句常与 or not 连用，而 if 不能； 宾语从句可简化为 whether to do 的搭配，而没有 if to do 这种搭配.如：Could you tell me whether I should finish my homework today or not?
3、Could you tell me whether to finish my homework today? 【拓展】if 有两个意思：1. 表示“是否” ，引导的是宾语从句。动词的时态视情况而定。 2. 表示“如果” ，引导的是条件状语从句，时态用一般现在时表示将来（遵循“主将从现”规则）。经典例题：-Do you know if Tom _(go) hiking with us ? -Im not sure. But if he _(go), I will take many photos with him . (3) 如果从句是特殊疑问句 ，直接用该疑问词来引导。主句：Do you kn
4、ow 从句：what does he want to buy? Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗？2. 宾语从句的【时态】(1) 当主句是一般现在时，从句 根据情况使用任何时态如：She wants to know if I have finished my homework. 她想知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？(2) 当主句是一般过去时 ，从句应使用过去的某时态如：He said that she was singing. 他说她正在唱歌。Sh
5、e wanted to know if I had finished my homework. 她想知道我是否已经完成了作业。Did you know when he would come back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？【注意】格言和客观真理总是用一般现在时。如：She told me yesterday (that) the earth travels around the sun. 23. 宾语从句的【语序】 宾语从句要用陈述语序。(而不是疑问语气)如：Does he work hard? I wonder. I wonder if/whether he works hard. W
6、hen did he leave? I dont know. I dont know when he left China. 【特殊情况】Whats wrong with? 作宾语从句不需变语序Whats the matter with?如：Whats wrong with him? I dont know. I dont know whats wrong with him.4. 宾语从句的【否定转移】在英语里通常不会出现 “I think (that) he isnt right.” 而会把否定转移到主句中 “I dont think (that) he is right.”5. 宾语从句的
7、【虚拟语气】在含有假设、猜想、建议等意思的动词( 如 advice, suggest, insist, require, request 等 )后，宾语从句要用“should + 动词原形”结构，should 常省略。 如：I suggest that he (should) study harder. 【这就是为什么 study 用原形】【定语从句】一定义：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。二特点：1.先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词2. 关联词：1）引出定语从句，并作从句的一个成分。可作主语、宾语、定语、状语，作宾语可省略。2）关联词包括关系代词和关系副词。关联词位于先行词和
8、定语从句之间。关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose 代指先行词。关系副词：when, where, why 作时间状语。3基本结构：先行词+关联词+ 定语从句剩余部分四关系代词的用法：1. that 和 whichthat 指人或物，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。Which 指物，不指人，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。His father works in a factory that/which makes TV sets.The coat (which/that) I put on the desk is black.注意：The room
9、in which I live is very big. (在介词后面不能用 that)2.只能用 that 不能用 which 引导的定语从句：1) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用 thatThis is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.32）先行词被序数词修饰时，定语从句只能用 thatThe children like the second lesson that is about “The Football Match”.3）先行词被 the only，the very 或 the same 等修饰，定
10、语从句只能用 that 引导。It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.Where is the very book (that) I bought just now?This is the (same) bicycle (that) I lost.4）先行词为 everything，something ，anything，all，none，much ，little，few 等不定代词时，定语从句只能用thatI want everything (that) I want.I am writing to tell you about so
11、mething very strange that happened to me last week.5)先行词被不定代词 all, any, no, every, little, much, many 修饰时，只能用 thatHere is all the money (that) I have.6)先行词是同时含有“人和物 ”的名词时，定语从句只能用 thatI can remember well the persons and some pictures (that) I see in the room.7)定语从句所修饰的词为 the one 时，定语从句用 that 引导Is it
12、the one（that）you want？8）为了避免重复，在疑问词 who 之后，用 that 引导定语从句Who is the girl that won the first place?3. who 和 whom who 指人，在句中作主语和宾语，作宾语可省略。Whom 指人，在句中只能作宾语，可省略，但在介词后面不能省略。Who is the teacher that Xiao Li is talking to?The doctor with whom she went to the United States last month is very famous.=The docto
13、r who/whom/that she went to the United States with last month is very famous.五.关系副词的用法：1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. when=on which2.where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 This is the house where I lived two years ago.3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词只有表示原因的 reason 一词.We don
14、t know the reason why he was late for school.【状语从句】介词+关系代词=关系副词介词+关系代词（人只能用 whom,物只能用which）4状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。以下是应当关于状语从句的几点注意：1.as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反；有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。译作“仿佛似的；好像似的”。They completely ignore these facts as if (as though)t
15、hey never existed. He looks as if ( as though)he had been hit by lighting. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.2由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用 for 来代替。如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用 for。He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.3.though, although
16、引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有 but，但是 though 和 yet 可连用。 Although its raining, they are still working in the field.He is very old, but he still works very hard. Though the sore is healed, yet a scar may remain.4as, though 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词原形提前) 。Child as / though he was, he knew what was the right
17、 thing to do. 5“no matter 疑问词” 或“ 疑问词 ever”。No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind.高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在省略，时态的替代，语序的倒装以及连词的辨析四个方面。1成分的省略(1)在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，如果主语是 it 或与主句的主语一致，且谓语动词含有 be 时，可把从句的主语和 be 一起省略。Dont speak until (you are) spoken to.Do come to see me
18、 whenever (it is) possible.(2)在比较状语从句中，可省略与主句相同的部分。I know you more than he (knows you)Tom is two years older than Alice (is)(3)as (尽管)引导让步状语从句倒装时，表语提前，且其前的冠词要省略。Hero as he is, he has shortcomings.52时态的替代(1)在时间、条件和让步状语从句中须用一般现在时替代一般将来时，用一般过去时替代过去将来时。If it rains tomorrow, we wont go fishing.Dont get o
19、ff the bus until it has stopped.(2)The more.the more.句型中，前句起条件状语从句作用，故用现在时表将来。The harder you work, the greater progress youll make.(3)after, before, as soon as 等连词本身就暗示了时间的先后，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时，而不会产生时间上的混乱。I went to bed after I (had) finished my homework.The film star (had) left before the reporter ar
20、rived.He got down to work as soon as he (had) go to the factory.3语序的倒装(1)no sooner.than., hardly / scarcely / barely.when.句型中的主句常用过去完成时，从句常用一般过去时，且置于句首时主句要倒装。No sooner had he got home than it began to rain.(2)so / such.that.，not until.置于句首时主句要倒装。So angry did she feel that she couldnt speak.Not until
21、 he told me the truth did I realize what had happened.4连词的辨析。根据上下文的语意推断属于哪种状语从句，然后选择连词。【补充】【连词】连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。（一）并列连词：并列连词可用来连接词与词，词组与词组，分句与分句。常用的并列连词有：and（和），as well as（既又），both and（不但而且）， not only but also（
22、不但 而且），not but（不是而是），neither nor（既不也不），either or（不是就是），or（或者）， but （但是），yet（然而），for（因为），so（所以），while（而），when（这时）等。如：Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy（暗沉沉的）./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious（光荣的）yet difficult task./ S
23、trike while iron is hot.（二）从属连词6从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as 引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter（无论） , even if (though)引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as 引导结果状语从句的：so that , such that 引导目的状语从句的：so that , in order that 引导比较状语从句的：as as , not so (as) as , than 引导方式状语从句的：as if （就像一样），as(尽管)引导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, if 三个。其中 that 和 whether 间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。
