1、研究生专业英语浅谈 普通外科篇,宁医大总院肝胆外科,学习专业英语的重要性,了解相关学科最新进展。借鉴学习先进外科技术。撰写SCI论文。与国际友人交流，互相学习。,学习专业英语需要从哪些方面着手？,老生常谈：词汇、语法、听力、口语。这非常令人心烦！!老师有木有捷径、技巧、速成？非常抱歉：木有。,多年的学习心得,坚持不懈、反复记忆、孰能生巧。这是亘古不变的真理。,心得分享，欢迎大家指正!,词汇篇普通外科专业词汇的积累-我说的积累当然不是简单的机械式的积累,是领悟和消化之后,变成自己的东西,随时能看懂的（不要求大家记住），就像多年的老朋友见面，虽然面貌有改变，但仍然能从眉目间辨认出她。,词汇篇,我们
2、学过的基础单词，在专业英语中有不同的意思。例如：acute 急性的，advice 医嘱，agent 试剂，angry 肿痛发炎的，article 关节，attach 侵袭，发作；backflow 反流，bank 移植库，basin 骨盆，第三脑室，bedside 临床，binding (食物)引起便秘的，boss 结节，bypass 分流术；canal 管道，carrier 带菌者，collapse 虚脱，colony 菌落，complain 主诉，,词汇篇,Complication 合并症，concentration 浓度，condition 病情，conduct 引流，congested
3、充血的，consolidate 实变，consultation 会诊，constrict 狭窄，convulse 痉挛，course 病程、疗程、月经；drain 引流液，dressing 敷料；effusion 渗出液，envelope 包膜，erosion 糜烂，essential 特发的、原发的；failure 衰竭，film 薄膜，focus 病灶，frank 症状明显的,词汇篇,Fullness 餐后饱胀感，fur 舌苔；gather 化脓，general 全身性的、广泛的，gripe 肠绞痛，gross （不用microtel）肉眼能看到的，growth 肿瘤；Habit 体型，h
4、ack 干咳，heroics (药物)剂量大的，hot 强放射性的，humor 体液；Incidence 发病率，indication 适应症，insides 胃部，insult 损害，intention 愈合，intractable 难治的、顽固的，irrigate 冲洗。,词汇篇,Knit 骨愈合，killer 致死疾病、止疼药，Light 易消化的、清淡的，loosen 使肠道通畅，lump 肿块；Mass 肿块，matter 脓，mature 使化脓，mild 轻度，Onset 发病、起病，overgrowth 增生、肥大，Palliative 姑息的，passage (大小便)排出，
5、period 月经期，pollute 遗精，pool 瘀滞，premature 早产儿，preparation 标本，purge 泻药，,词汇篇,Queer 稍感不舒服，retention 潴留，Scrub 洗手、消毒，secondary 继发的，sign 体征，sound 探子，探条，Tenderness 触痛，term 预产期，theater 手术室。,词汇篇,比较吓人的专业词汇例如：Pancreaticoduodenectomy，胰十二指肠切除术分解一下：pancreas 胰腺 duodenum 十二指肠 nectomy 切除术专业词汇其实不专，重点是大家熟记词根！,词汇篇,常见词根：1
6、、表示独立脏器的词，例如：gastro-胃，duodenal-十二指肠的，jejuno-空肠的，hepatico-肝管的，hepato-肝的，lympho-淋巴的，hemo-血的，hernia 疝的，colonic 结肠的，chololithiasis-胆石症等等。,词汇篇,2、表示某些手术或技术的词缀：例如 ectomy 切除术，lobectomy 肝叶切除术，necrectomy坏死组织切除术，-scope 镜检，duodenoscope 十二指肠镜检查，-plasty 成形术， lymphoplasty 淋巴管成形术，cystoplasty 膀胱成形术。,词汇篇,3、表示同类事物或或相同
7、性质的词缀：例如：erythro- (构词成分）红，erythremia 红细胞增多症，erythrocyte 红细胞，erythromycin 红霉素；Cysto- 囊的，cystadenocarcinoma 囊腺癌，cystirrhagia 膀胱出血，cystoduodenostomy 囊肿十二指肠吻合术Cephalo-头的，cephalosporium 头孢菌属，Cephalodynia 头痛，cephlopathy 头（部）病。,语法篇,在句法结构上，汉语和英语有着本质区别：英语重“形合”，句子中的各个成分（词、短语、分句）的结合都用适当的连词和介词来表达其相互关系，因此形式比较严谨；
8、而汉语的句法则重“意合”，句子中的各个成分用意思串联在一起，不用或较少用连词和介词，因此形式比较松散，但词句比较灵活、简介。,语法篇,1、朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。The parasites live in paradise, while the masses get into a mess.2、Behind marshals are martyrs; behind victors are victims.元帅的后面是烈士，胜利者的背面是牺牲品。,语法篇常见的错误表达之介词,一、介词with使用常见问题及修改。 介词with在医学论文中的使用频率很高，其含义很多，可以说是英文中最模棱两可的单词，
9、除一些固定搭配外，如“compared with, measured with ,patient with”等，它的含义随语音环境的变化而变化，没有一种确定的意义，这也是常常造成医学英语论文意义表达不清的主要原因。因此，在医学论文中，为了达到清楚表达论文内容的目的，尽量避免使用。,语法篇-常见的错误表达之介词,（1）with引导的词或短语离被修饰词太远。 A: Thirty-eight patients(with left colonic carcinoma) underwent one-stage resection for obstruction associated with left
10、colonic carcinoma.To establish a method for separating and culturing(high purity synovial cells from human joint) human joint synovial cells from human joint with high purity.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之介词,(2) associated with 指代关系不清 The-191G/C SNP in the promoter region of ABCA1 is associated with increased (incre
11、ases) coronary artery disease. 注：与该句子相对应的中文摘要“ABC1基因启动子区-191G/C SNP增加冠心病的发生”，with连接的两部分的关系是“增加”与“被增加”的关系，因而应将形容词increased 修改为相应的动词。,语法篇-常见的错误表达之介词,（3）With 在并列句句式中的问题如果存在并列关系的几个词或短语中的一个被with引导后，会造成意义上的突然转折，使句子变得难以被理解。修改方法是将with用and代替。 As the hypoxia prolonged, the astrocytes appeared swollen and floa
12、ting (and necrotic) in the medium with some becoming necrotic.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之介词,(4) withwith 结构很多同学喜欢在同一句中连续使用介词with，形成withwith结构样式。造成句子中的修饰关系混乱，理解困难。A retrospective analysis was conducted in 37 cases with (received) artifial hip replacement with (and) complete following data treated between 1996 and
13、2001.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之介词,(5) with 在比较配对句中的过分应用Compared with ,in compared with 作为固定用法，在医学英语中被广泛应用来比较各种事物的比较，但在句子中用到比较级形容词或副词，如shorter, higher, less 等，与其相对应的应该是“than”。 Compared with normal control group, significantly higher serum MDA, DHAA levels,语法篇-常见的错误表达之介词,were detected in RA patient (P0.05). 注：comp
14、ared with 与higher 一起使用显得不太恰当，修改后： Serum MDA and DHAA levels were significantly higher in RA patients than in healthy controls (P0.05). 如果要保留compared with 句式，可修改为：,语法篇-常见的错误表达之介词,RA patients had significantly high levels of serum MDA and DHAA (P0.05) compared with healthy controls.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之冠词,冠词是
15、英语十大词类之一，是不能单独使用的一种虚词，他的数量最少，但使用频率却非常高。1、不用冠词的情况 （1）疾病的名称 We reviewed 81cases who had been treated for biliary fistula between 1968 to 1998.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之冠词,This process may pertain to malignant and premalignant conditions, such as colon carcinoma and adenoma. 注：Syndrome 与专有名词和用时不用冠词。 Three patients
16、with functional adrenal tumors, Cushings syndrome, primary aldosteronism and pheochromocytoma, who underwent adrenalectomy and were subsequently cured, were studied.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之冠词,(2) 手术名称Six patients at 60 to 75 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.(3) 药物名称Cyclosporin A and dexamethasone inhibit
17、ed the anti-CD3/CD28 induced cytokine production, but were less potent than FK506.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之冠词,(4) 用基数词编号表序数含义（数词放在名词后）The differences between group 1 and group 3 and between group 2 and group 3 were significant (P0.05).(5) 缩略语The production of IL-1, IL-6,IL-8 and MCP-1 was measured by ELISA and
18、RT-PCR.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之冠词,2 .使用冠词的情况（1）器官、组织和解剖部位名称的单数形式前一般要用定冠词。 The enzyme xanthinoxidase is an important source of free radicals in the small intestine.(2) 含有approach,technique, method 等表示技术方法的单词词组前习惯上要用冠词the 或a/an。,语法篇-常见的错误表达之冠词,We have provided a regression method to estimateToward the full devel
19、opment of a screening method forThe clean-up performed by the coupled-column approach avoids the use of ,语法篇-常见的错误表达之动词,医学英文的表达中，动词的使用是关键。在使用一些含义较多或专指性较差、不能强烈表达动作的动词时（如seen, occurred, produced, made, took place, achieve 等），应该使用一些含义更精确、专指性更强的动词代替。,语法篇-常见的错误表达之动词,Expression of complete s1 protein was
20、not seen in E.coli.Complete s1 protein was not expressed in E.coli.Mild edema could be seen around the tumors.Mild edema developed around the tumors.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之动词,No pathological changes were seen in the lung tissues without direct contact with seawater.The lung tissues without direct contact with
21、 seawater did not change pathologically.Plasma NO level was seen to increase markedly after traumatic shock in the rat model.,Plasma NO level increased markedly after traumatic shock in the rat models.A model of hemorrhage/reperfusion injury was produced by Itoh method.A model of hemorrhage/reperfus
22、ion injury was established by Itoh method.,语法篇之非人称主语句,大家会发现中国人有“人为宇宙主体”的观点，主体意识很强，开口举笔，均习惯以人称名词作主语。西方人重视和强调客观，因而，英语句式常以物或抽象概念作主语。,语法篇-常见的错误表达之动词,To evaluate what is really achieved with nurse education in an outpatient heart failure population.To evaluate the effect of nurse education on outpatients
23、 with heart failure.Incomplete resolution was achieved in all patients after sclerotherapy in the first week.,语法篇-常见的错误表达之动词,The symptoms in all the patients incompletely resolved after sclerotherapy in the first week.注：Achieved 在这只是起到一个动词的作用，不代表句子的真正动作，真正动作被放在主语，而真正的主语patient被放在介词后面，严格的说句子的主语也不是pat
24、ient，而应是symptoms。,语法篇-常见的错误表达之动词,Distant metastasis occurred in 38 of the 59 patient.Thirty-eight of the 59 patients developed distant metastasis.After coronary angiography, single vessel disease occurred in 13.46%.Coronary angiography identified that 13.4% of the patients had single vessels disease
25、.,句法篇之非灵主语句(专业英语的灵魂）,着眼于汉语原句和英译的比较，我们发现中国人有“人为宇宙主体”的观点，主体意识很强，开口举笔，均习惯以人称名词为主语。而西方人重视和强调客观，因而，英语句式常以物或抽象概念作主语。,句法篇之非灵主语句(专业英语的灵魂）,1、发怒之后，我不难过，也不后悔。Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.2、1998年10月我在英国学习。October 1998 found me studying in England.3、他气得说不出话来。Anger choked his words.,句
26、法篇之非灵主语句(专业英语的灵魂）,4、他吓得呆立不动。Fear rooted him to the spot.5、生日那天，她收到了大量礼品盒贺信。Gifts and messages snowed in on her birthday.,口语篇-终极之路,大家都会说，哎，看看文章还行。要是谈到交流，这就有点儿勉为其难了！原因：1、咱是非英语专业的同学，会看文献就行了，讲英语没有必要练习。2、说出来害怕别人笑话，这就得不偿失了。3、没有说的环境，刚有点儿说的冲动，被女朋友一句话（嘚瑟），说得蔫了！等等,口语篇-终极之路,让一个名不见经传的人告诉你，只要你想说，谁也拦不住你！方法如下：1、想说
27、话，就说“普通话”，因为大家都听得懂。那就注意发音，虽然不能做到字正腔圆，但至少不跑调。常用的方法就是练习绕口令。例如：Canners can can what they can can ,but they cannot can things they cant be cant.,口语篇-终极之路,2、如何突破所有的音标，我个人认为，一篇文章（200words or so）就够了。当然这篇文章必须是纯正的播音员读的文章，找这样得文章太容易了，上脱口秀，找拉里.金(Larry. King）。3、突破发音之后，大约需要一个月时间（最笨的人我需要的），就是语言素材的积累，这得靠日积月累。素材来源很多
28、；例如，CET-4,CET-6的听力考题，TOFEL的听力考题，英文电影的对白，流行歌曲等等。,口语篇-终极之路,M: How was your trip to Chicago?M: To tell the truth I would rather have spent my vacation here.Q: What dose the second man mean?A: He did not enjoy his trip.,口语篇-终极之路,M: Lets go for a walk.W: Id like to, but I feel a bit under the weather.Q:
29、What dose the woman mean?A: She doesnt feel enough to go for a walk.,口语篇-终极之路,Theres no sport I enjoy more than swimming.=Swimmings my favorite sport.No sooner had I started to type my paper than the telephone rang.=Someone called just as I started to work.注：这个句型在学校英语课上反复讲，大家都只是认识，但能脱口而出的就没几个了。,口语篇-
30、终极之路,Had I known your address ,I wouldve called on you immediately after I arrived.You will probably save money in the long run if you buy a new car instead of a second-hand one.Down the road around the corner is a nice little gift shop.,口语篇-终极之路,I am in a bit of spot .Can you lend me some money till Friday?I hate it when I get the runaround.That certainly takes him some nerve to be a blood donor for the first time.That she never stops eating without gaining a pound is what really gets me.,谢 谢 大 家！,
