1、1Research Progress of Cynanchum komaroviiAbstract. In recent years， there have been lots of progresses in the studies on Cynanchum komarovii （C.komarovii） in China， included the chemical compositions and biological activities. The purpose of this paper was mainly review this characteristics detailed
2、ly. Key words： Cynanchum komarovii； Chemical composition； Biological activity； Research progress 1. Introduction Cynanchum komarovii Al Iljinski （Asclepiadaceae） is a wild shrub， widely distributed in the northwest part of China， and is used as a Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years， domestic re
3、search showed that the C.komarovii contained not only some inorganic element， but also a variety of biological chemical composition， such as alkaloids， naphtha， flavonoids， polysaccharides， steroids and glucoside， fatty acid and fatty acid ester， aromatic compounds. And the extracts of C.komarovii h
4、ave biological activity of antiinflammatory， antibacterial， antitumor， relieve a cough， eliminate the phlegm， smoothing asthma and the 2immunity function， etc. C.komarovii has been used to pesticides and nectar source in agriculture， at the same time C.komarovii plays an important role in the constr
5、uction of vegetation 2. Therefore， this characteristics of C.komarovii will be reviewed as follows.Introduction 2. The chemical ingredients of Cynanchum komarovii 2.1 Inorganic elements. Lin3 adopted spectrum half-quantitative analysis method determined inorganic composition of C.komarovii， the resu
6、lts showed that the grass contained 27 inorganic elements， which was barium， beryllium， chromium， lead， zinc， copper， nickel， zirconium， titanium， yt， yb， manganese and iron， aluminum， cobalt， tin， gallium， silver， molybdenum， vanadium， strontium， calcium， magnesium， potassium， sodium， silicon and p
7、hosphor respectively. The highest content was potassium， higher than 10% of the total inorganic content. Nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium were the three main elements in fertilizer， the higher potassium and phosphorus may be the scientific basis of C.komarovii as folk manure. 2.2 Alkaloids. Fang4
8、and Zhang5 separated and got 4 kinds of alkaloids from C.komarovii， which were 7-demethoxy-lophorine I、 （13aR，14R）-14-hydroxyantofine II、 （13aR， 14R）-314-hydroxyantofin N-oxide III and desoxytylaphorinin N-oxide IV. Qi6 got desoxypergularinine V、 pergularinine VI from the root of C.komarovii. Yao7 g
9、ot 7-demethoxylophorine N-oxide VII and pergularifine VIII from the aboveground part of C.komarovii. Zhao8 used GC-MS separated and identified 12 kinds of alkaloids， which were 2，4，6-trimethyl-pyridine、2，6-diethylpyridine、4-（1-piperidiny1）-2-butanone、benzothiazole、3-n-propyl-2，6-diphenyl-pyridine、ty
10、lophoriline、2，2，6，6-tetramethyl-4-piperdinone、Diazen，butyl 1-（2，2-dimethylhydr）、5，10-Diethoxy-2，3，7，8-tetrahydro-1H，6H-dipyrrolo 1，2-a：11，21-d pyrazine、9-Azabieyelo 3，3，1 nonane，9-methyl-、Piperidino 2，3-b 2，3-dihtdroindene，1-methy1-4，4a-diethyl-6-methyl-、7，14-Methano-4H，6H-dipyrido 1，2-a：1 ，2-E 1，5
11、diazocin-4-one，7，7a，8，9，10，11，13，14-octahydro-， 7R-（ 7，alpha，7a， alpha，14，alpha） from C.komarovii. In addition， according to the “The Chinese Herbal“ account， alkaloids of C.komarovii also included 6-hydroxy-2，3-dimethoxy phenanthroindolizidine IX. 2.3 Volatile components. Yao7 identified 57 volatil
12、e components from Inner Mongolia C.komarovii by GC-MS， combined 4with ITP and GC method. There were 14 microcomponents， the MS and IR reviewed consistent compounds had 22， the content of compound contained acetophenone structure was higher than 30%. The compound of 40 was similar with paeonol from t
13、he whole grass of Asclepiadaceae. Zhao8 reported that an oily substance， which was light yellow and had special smell， was obtained by soak and backflow the grass powder of C.komarovii with ethanol and extract with ethyl ether. 45 volatile components were analysised and identified by GC-MC and DA TA
14、BA SE/NIST98L MS from C.komarovii. The detected component accounted 87.80% of the total volatile oil. The major components were paraffin （33.59%） ， unsaturated fatty acid （19.47%） ， ester （18.55%） and olefins （9.68%）. Linoleic acid was the highest in them， which was about 18.65%. 2.4 Flavonoids. Qia
15、o9 separated flavonoids from C.komarovii by polyamide column chromatography and silica gel column chromatography， and quercetin and quercetin glucoside （quercetin-3-D-pyranoid glucose （1-2）-D-pyranoid galactose glucoside） and two other glucosides （show yellow and blue fluorescence in the ultraviolet
16、 light respectively） were isolated. Wang10 isolated -D-fructofuranosyl-（2-1）-D-6-O-5sinapoyl-glucopyranoside， -D-（3-O-sinapoyl）-fructofuranosyl-（2-1）-D-6-O-sinapoyl-glucopyranoside， 9-hydroxyl linalool-3-O-D-xylopyranosyl-（1-6）-D-glucopyranoside from the ethanol extracts of C.komarovii fibrous root
17、in Ningxia. 2.5 Polysaccharides. Many polysaccharides was obtained from C.komarovii， which was abstracted with water/ethanol system， removed proteins by trichloroacetic acid， obtained crude polysaccharides with ethanol， refined polysaccharides by sephadexG-25. The compositions were analysed with TLC
18、 and PC after acid hydrolysis. Preliminary results showed that the polysaccharides of C.komarovii was composed with monosaccharide such as D-glucose， L- arabinose， D-mannose， D-xylose and D- rhamnose11app：addword：rhamnose. 2.6 Other compound. Five compounds were isolated from C.komarovii. They were
19、identified as hexacosanolic acid、 triacontanolic acid、epi-alnusenol、-sitosterol、paeonol12. Gao13 identified and got 3，5-2 methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid、3，5-2 methoxy-4-hydroxy-methyl cinnamate and E-octadecenl-9-acetateapp：addword：Ethyl stearate by physical-chemical constants and spectral analyses
20、. They are obtained from the plant for the first time. Wang10 separated alkaloid 6and sugar from alcoholic extract of Ningxia C.komarovii and obtained 6-O-D-glucopyranosyl-（1-6）-D- glucopyransy-1，2-bis-O-（4-hydroxy-3，5- dimethoxycinnamoyl） 、 （2E，6R）-2，6-dimethyl-2，7-octadiene-1，6-diol、4-O- demethyle
21、piyangambin、4-hydroxy-2-methoxyl-acetophenone and （2S，3S，4R，12E）-N- 2-（R）-hydroxydocosanoate-1，3，4-trihydroxy-2-amino-eicosanoate-12-ene. 3. The biological activity of Cynanchum komarovii 3.1 The medical pharmacological research of Cynanchum komarovii. 3.1.1 Anti-inflammatory. The total alkaloid of
22、C.komarovii obviously inhibited the hyperplasia of granulation tissue that caused by 1% carrageenan， 3% croton oil and 25% formaldehyde， and the anti-inflammatory effect of C.komarovii was similar with commonly used drugs nowadays 14. According to Nong 15 reported total alkaloid （36.5 mg/kg） or vola
23、tile oil （0.6 ml/kg） could significantly inhibit foot swelling induced by carrageen in rats； and total alkaloid （11.0 mg/kg） had significant inhibitory effect on granulation tissue hyperplasia， but not as good as prednisolone （25 mg/kg）. 3.1.2 Antibacterial. The total alkaloid （1：4） of C.komarovii h
24、ad inhibitory action on E.coli， bacillus 7subtilis， salmonella enterica， Bacillus cereus， Staplylococcus aureus； total alkaloid （1：8） had inhibitory action on Shigella flexneri and Sarcina； but it had no inhibitory action on micrococcus pyocyaneus； the naphtha （0.75%） had antibacterial action on bac
25、illus subtilis， the naphtha （1.5%） had action on Bacillus cereus and sarcina 14-16. 3.1.3 Anti-tumor.The conventional dosage of total alkaloids and naphthas had no effect on S180 solid tumor and P388 leukemia. The 7-demethoxylophorine N-oxide， desoxytylaphorinin N-oxide separated from C.komarovii ha
26、d cell toxicity， and the inhibition rate of 1 mg/mL in mice bearing S180 solid tumors and P388 leukemia were 73.1% and 87.5%， respectively14-15 . Liu11 found that C.komarovii polysaccharide had a certain inhibition action to Sl80 sarcomas cell proliferation. 3.1.4 Antitussive， expectorant and antias
27、thmatic effects. The water and ethanol extracts of C.komarovii could obviously relieve the cough caused by the irritation of ammonia water in mice， increase secretion of the respiratory tract and promote expectoration. They could also alleviate the asthma induced by histamine and acetylcholine chlor
28、ide in guinea pigs17. 3.1.5 Analgesic effect. The total alkaloid of C.komarovii 8restrained twisting times and licking feet times in mouse twisting method and hot plate method， respectively. It obviously restrained the paw edema of rat， tampon-acestoma and the level of PGE2 in inflammatory tissue of
29、 paw edema18. 3.1.6 Effect on the immune system. Lysozyme activity and IgG level in serum and C3b receptor of peritoneal m？ in mice given the C.komarovii total alkaloids and control mice were quantitated through the rocket electrophoresis， immuno-single diffusion and zymosan-yeast-complement complex
30、， respectively19. The results showed the C.komarovii total alkaloids have stronger immunologic enhancement effect. 3.1.7 Toxicity reaction. The mice， which were gavaged with （2.40.1） mL/kg of C.komarovii naphtha， were died within hours； the mice， which were gavaged with （164.010.5） mL/kg of C.komaro
31、vii total alkaloid， were extended （0.524） h with reduced dosage15. Qi16 found that mice LD50 was （74.95.4） mg/kg， rats LD50 was （60.0 8.0） mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection the drug. Lv17 reported that LD50 of extract of C.komarovii was greater than 120 g/kg in Kunming mice. The total alkaloid of C
32、.komarovii had stronger toxicity， especially to skin. Large doses of the total alkaloid could cause intoxicating phenomenon 9of leukocyte20. 3.2 The agricultural activity of Cynanchum komarovii The toxic components of C.komarovii had higher refusing foods and growth inhibition effect on cabbage cate
33、rpillar. It had good spraying poison efficiency， although no systemic activity to aphids21-23. In addition， Yao24 reported that 7-demethoxy-lophorine had strong inhibition effect on the tobacco mosaic virus （TMV） （inhibitory rate was 60%） ， which activity was higher 12 orders of magnitude as compare
34、d with common plant virus inhibitors. These higher activity to PVY and TuMV were showed through Half-leaf-spot method and ELLSA. In 1975， people found accidentally C.komarovii was a better nectar source plant， although its grass was toxic. And this kind of nectar contained some advantages such as hi
35、gh nutrients and the superior quality honey， which was one of our country apiculture excellent nectar source. C.komarovii source is one of high yield and stable source， is called “the Northwest nectar storeroom“ 30-31. 4. Summary In recent years， C.komarovii is researched in many regions. In the med
36、ical activities， it is still in the animals experiment and the pharmacological test stage. It will be far away from new drugs for peoples medical clinical. So we should 10be make great efforts and develop some broad spectrum and efficient veterinary medicine， such as anti-parasites and anti-mammitis
37、 medicines， which should may be a better research direction. The latest research of Key Laboratory of Ningxia Agricultural Biotechnology found out the mechanism of drought resisting of C.komarovii， which will provided the theoretical guidance and the scientific basis of the desert plants cultivation
38、 and ecological construction for Ningxia Province and the western region， has wide application prospects. 5. Acknowledgement This research was financially supported by Gansu Province Natural Science Foundation Project （Grant NO. 1112RJZA021） and Science Foundation Project of Lanzhou under Grant （No.
39、 2011-1-71）. References 1 Institute of Botany， the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Picture Index of Senior China Plant （3） ， Beijing： Science Press， pp. 20-21， 1974. 2 The national assembly of Chinese herbal medicine （Rudin） ， Beijing People Press， pp. 151， 1983. 3 Lin ML， Wang YJ， Yao YC， The Determination of Inorganic Elements in Cynanchum komarovii Al Iljinski， Journal
