1、1Study on the Advances of Plant Cell EngineeringAbstract. This paper deals with the research advances in plant protoplast culture， somatic hybridization， embryo culture and test - tube fertilization， cell culture and production of secondary metabolites， breeding of monoploid plant， somaclonal variat
2、ion， selection of cell mutant， micro - propagation plant ， somatic embryogenesis and artificial seed， cryopreservation of plant cells and organs and transgenic plant. Key words： Plant cell engineering； Plant tissue culture； Agricultural biotechnology Protoplast culture In 1971， Takebe and Nagata fir
3、st time used tobacco leaves isolating protoplasts and regenerated plants in Japan. By 1976， the protoplast the physical regeneration plants， 12 species in 1983 to 70， 1986， more than 80 kinds， to the early 1990s to more than 100. Protoplast culture was a hot research topic in the 1980s. Japan and Ch
4、ina had made a great contribution in this area. Japanese scientists successfully 2carried out about 70 plant varieties protoplast culture. Our country obtained more than 30 varieties of protoplast regeneration plants， including difficult the important food crops and cash crops soybean （Wei and Xu， 1
5、988） ， rice （Wang， 1989） ， corn （CAI Qigui， 1987； SUN Jingsan 1989） ， wheat （WANG Haibo， 1989） ， millet （DONG Jinjiang， XIA Zhenao， 1989） ， sorghum （WEI Zhiming， XU Zhihong， 1988） ， barley（YAN Qiusheng， 1990） ， cotton （CHEN Zhixian， 1989） ， rape （Xu， 1982） ， potato （LI Gengguang， 1988） ， etc. In woo
6、dy plants， medicinal plants， vegetables， and fungal protoplast culture progress is also very quickly. Cell fusion and somatic hybridization First somatic hybrid plant was established in 1972， the United States induced by Carlson powder blue tobacco and international tobacco of protoplast fusion and
7、the hybrid plant. Early research object mainly concentrated in solanaceae tobacco， datura and petunias， after gradually transferred to the tomato， tomato， belladonna and cruciferous canola， arabidopsis and umbrelliferae carrots， parsley. As an important grain crops of protoplast regeneration plants，
8、 the success of the research object transfer again. Used for fusion of parent cells from the original varieties between progress 3and interspecific， even between families. About induction in the asia-pacific region and between the more than 50 kinds of protoplast fusion between the formation of plan
9、t， which accounted for half of Japan. Through the woody plants orange kind the somatic hybridization between species， cultivate new citrus hybrid varieties （Ohgawara， 1995） ， sexual hybridization - the somatic hybridization between the tomatoes and potatoes also won the hybrid plant （Melchers， 1978）
10、. Through the potato varieties of wild and somatic hybridization， got a late blight resistance and leaf curl disease of somatic hybrid （Austin， 1985）. Chinese cabbage type of rapeseed and cabbage somatic hybridization， obtained the rapeseed （Sundberg ， 1986）. Division between soybean powder + blue t
11、obacco （Kao， 1977） ， soybean + tobacco （Chien， 1982） and the hybrid of continuous proliferation， the more distant crossing soybean and rice produced callus （Niizeki， 1985）. Japanese scientists also use asymmetric cell fusion technology training for the worlds first goods tobacco male sterile lines，
12、application of this kind of male sterile lines， and the development of the carrot and cabbage， eggplant F1 hybrids. Chinese scientists use of tobacco and yellow tobacco and tobacco powder blue of somatic hybridization 4to develop the new tobacco products. Embryo culture and fertilization in vitro Em
13、bryo culture technology is mainly used in some Asian countries. Has more than 100 young embryo culture become the plant report， more than 40 hybrid embryo culture successfully. Indian scientists in the cultivation of beans， jute and peanuts of distant hybridization in the ideal of restructuring. Jap
14、anese scientists won three citrus， li belonged to and canola cultivars and five lily cultivation. China academy of vegetable cultivation and ball broccoli and Chinese cabbage hybrid embryos got kind of markings. Plants of the Chinese academy of sciences and Beijing academy of cooperative breeding pr
15、ecocious peach varieties “Beijing as early as 3“， mature than ordinary precocious peach 15 to 20 days in advance. Northwest of income to plant grass and common wheat successively to hybrid. Chinese academy of agricultural sciences MianHuaSuo won the cultivation of cotton and cotton markings. Barley
16、+ + mention murphy d wheat wheat， barley， wheat grass + ice （breeding new varieties Xiaoyan 6） ， wheat + big rice straw， wheat + tufted hairs wheat， wheat and rye， hard wheat + tufted hairs wheat by embryo culture and so on also obtained hybrids. Tobacco， rice varieties of markings 5markings of also
17、 have been. Tissue and cell culture production useful substances Arregnin Bonner and in 1950 the first training rubber stem callus for rubber attempt. In 1967， Kaul and Staba toothpick grass from the isolated tissue and cell cultures to secondary metabolites furan color. Nearly 50 years， the researc
18、h of this field has obtained rapid development. Have a study of more than 400 kinds of plants， from the train separation of cell to more than 600 kinds of secondary metabolites， including 60 on content more than or equal to the original plant， more than 20 kinds of dry weight more than 1%. Anti， gin
19、seng， rhizoma coptidis， old stork grass and so on up to the level of commercialization； Periwinkle， foxglove， tobacco and so on has been realized industrialization production； Toothpick grass， three points， safflower etc 20 various plants are transition to commercialization. In Japan， ginseng cell c
20、ulture has amounted to 130600 L pick， ginseng cultivation of 2000 L pick； Germany with 1000 l pick training foxglove cells； Canada with 200 L pick training periwinkle cells. In our country， ginseng cell culture technology has realized industrialization； Three points in the 80s that finished 10 L pic
21、k pilot； Anti， notoginseng， cell culture and make great 6progress. American ginseng， yunnan rose fu wood， three pointed fir， shield potato taro， nine method， mint， fumatory， salvia miltiorrhiza， angelica， artemisia annua， periwinkle， purple back TianKui， hu cable， narcissus， crude Fei， milk thistle，
22、 bright and heavy floor of cell culture research has been carried out. Use of biological cell transformation ability produce high value compounds， German scientists studied well. They join in foxglove cells to the cultivation of the biosynthetic pathway of intermediate compounds foxglove toxins and
23、B - methyl foxglove toxin， culture cells in almost 100% of the conversion rate of hydroxy， into medicine psyche digoxin. This technology has been realized industrialization production. Haploid breeding Pollen and anther culture techniques in the application of breeding research， has been in the lead
24、ing position in the asia-pacific region. In 1964， Indias Guha and M aheshw ari train MAO leaves brugmansia anther won the first tree haploid plants. Indian scientists applied the method of rice strains compared to increase production by 15% - 15%. South Korea won the two rice varieties. Japan also p
25、roduced with cold resistance and good taste rice varieties， cold resistance and 7shape of broccoli and has a special variety of the cabbage varieties of orange， etc. So far， through pollen and anther culture has received hundreds of species of plants of haploid plants. China started the research， in
26、 1970 and became a hot spot in the 70 s， and has made great achievements. Cultivate more than 40 kinds of plants， pollen and anther development into haploid plants， including wheat， corn， wheat， rye， small ice rubber， poplar， pepper， sugar beet， Chinese cabbage， cole， citrus， sugar cane， soybeans， g
27、rapes and apples of haploid plants for our country. Through the haploid breeding won the rice， wheat， tobacco， pepper， and bell pepper varieties， such as single yukon # 1， # 2， # 3 tobacco varieties， jing take no. 1 and no. 2， 6 new wheat varieties， in spend 8， 9， 15 rice varieties， total planting a
28、rea of 10 million mu. Corn received more than 100 pure of inbred lines， rubber won the triploid and diploid plants. Somatic cell clone variation Since the 80 s， somatic cell clone variation after pollen and anther culture become a kind of new method of cell engineering breeding. Somatic cell clone v
29、ariation is a common phenomenon appeared in the process of plant tissue culture， 8and the vast majority of variation can be genetic， and in the regenerative plants can be found in the observed in conventional mutation breeding and breeding of variation or restructuring type. Have observed somatic ce
30、ll clone variation of crops have sugar cane， potatoes， pineapple， rice， wheat， corn， oats， barley， rye， rapeseed， soybeans， millet， orchid， tomato， eggplant， melons， beet， celery， tobacco， strawberry， peach， geranium， fuchsia， carnation， crystal palm and jin brought flowers and so on. Australian sci
31、entists is a pioneer in the field of somatic cell clone variation studies. Their research proves that this method in wheat， sugar cane and other crops effectiveness of improvement. Through training during the selection pressure have been screened for somatic cell clone variants and strain， has been
32、as varieties. Japan won the lily， watermelon， big grass， strawberry and orchid genus of varieties and disease resistance in rice， tomatoes and tobacco strains. Thailand for improved banana and chrysanthemum varieties. India from mustard and canola is induced in the maturity， the plant height， maturi
33、ty is good variants. In terms of somatic cell clone variation for rice breeding in recent years in China is also encouraging progress has been made. Has bred - white leaf blight and 9lysine， methionine， isoleucine， serine and tyrosine content higher than parents of rice variants. Cultivation of anti
34、 - salt rice had planted 30000 acres in 1992. Also selected a group of high protein content and white wheat grain in the new strains. Cell mutant screening Cell mutant screening began in 1959， G. Melchers in snapdragon suspension cell culture temperature mutant. 1970， P. S Carlson， H. Binding and Y.
35、 M. Heimer et al isolated tobacco auxotrophic cells streptomycin cell lines and tobacco， petunia anti-anti-threonine cell lines. Have been in the not less than 15 families， 45 kinds of plant cell cultures were screened out of more than 100 cells mutant or variant， including rice， wheat， corn， sorghu
36、m， barley， oats， sugarcane， soybean， flax， tomatoes， potatoes， carrots， alfalfa， tobacco， sunflower and other economically important crops. Screened disease-resistant cells in the mutant the mutant anti amino acids and their analogues cells mutant Stress resistant mutant， herbicide-resistant body an
37、d auxotrophic cells mutant cell mutation. Rapid plant propagation techniques In the 1960s， France Morel with shoot tip culture method 10blooms orchids successfully. Rapid plant breeding technology， the plantlets factory production and virus-free seedling production technology in the 1970s has been a
38、 rapid development. For small plants by in vitro culture and rapid breeding potential plant has more than 100 families， more than 1000 kinds， some of them have developed into industrialized production of commodities. Kind gradually developed from ornamentals to fruit trees， trees， vegetables and fie
39、ld crops. The United States， France， Italy， the Netherlands and other European countries， the annual production of plantlets in thousands of ten thousand or more， and the rate of 7% - 8% increase. China rapid propagation and virus-free seedling production began in the 1970s. Sixth study the accumula
40、tion phase to the Seventh Five-Year Plan “period of research results to application transformation and paid off big. Nontoxic potato seed potatoes and sugar cane seedlings in production on a large scale cultivation. Orchid， carnation， rose， chrysanthemum， gladiolus， lily， anthurium， gerbera， Calceolaria， Hemerocallis， African violets， gloxinia， plena Hosta， Caladium， Daphne， rubber trees， strawberries， camellias， eucalyptuspoplar， apple， citrus， jujube， Chinese wolfberry， gooseberry， grape， cassava， seedless watermelon
