1、,Definition,Delirium is an acute and fluctuating alteration of mental state of reduced awareness and disturbance of attention. POD often starts in the recovery room and occurs up to 5 days after surgery.Very early onset of POD in the immediate postanaesthesia period before or on arrival at the recov
2、ery room is referred to as emergence delirium,Delirium can present as hypoactive (decreased alertness, motor activity and anhedonia), as hyperactive (agitated and combative) or as mixed forms.Increased age seems to be a predisposing factor for the hypoactive form.The prognosis may be worse with hypo
3、active delirium, possibly due to relative under-detection by staff and consequently delayed treatment.,Advanced ageComorbidities (e.g. cerebrovascular including stroke, cardiovascular, peripheral vascular diseases, diabetes, anaemia, Parkinsons disease, depression, chronic pain and anxiety disorders
4、),Evidence-based and consensus-based statements regarding risk factors,Preoperative fluid fasting and dehydrationDrugs with anticholinergic effects (e.g. measured by an anticholinergic drug scale)We recommend evaluating alcohol-related disorders,Site of surgery (abdominal and cardiothoracic)Intraope
5、rative bleedingDuration of surgery as a further intraoperative risk factorPain as a postoperative risk factor for POD,Prevention and treatment,We suggest implementing fast-track surgery to prevent PODWe suggest avoiding routine premedication with benzodiazepines except for patients with severe anxie
6、tyWe recommend monitoring depth of anaesthesia,We recommend adequate pain assessment and treatmentWe suggest using a continuous intraoperative analgesia regimen (e.g. with remifentanil)We suggest using low-dose haloperidol a or low-dose atypical neuroleptics to treat POD,Some observational data are
7、available suggesting that analgesia provided with continuous administration of remifentanil might reduce the incidence of POD compared with a bolus-driven regimen with fentanyl. POD does not limit PCA use.Regional anaesthesia and regional analgesia have not shown any benefit in respect of POD.,Preve
8、ntion,Monitoring,Prevention,Monitoring,Prevention,Monitoring,Therapy,Prevention,Monitoring,Therapy,Conclusion,POD is a frequent complication and requires preventive measures as well as immediate and adequate treatment.Although numerous studies have documented the clinical and economic consequences o
9、f POD, systematic interventions aimed to reduce its incidence and duration are rarely implemented.,(1) preoperative evaluation of POD risk and identification of patients at risk(2) communication about this risk to patients, their family and care team members(3) best possible preoperative conditions
10、to be achieved (4) perioperative avoidance of use of anticholinergic agents and benzodiazepines except when needed. Benzodiazepines can be considered in cases of alcohol withdrawal,(5) attempts to reduce surgical stress, together with organ-protective intraoperative management, including neuromonito
11、ring to avoid excessively deep anaesthesia(a) effective multimodal opioid-sparing analgesia(b) implementation of enhanced recovery programmes,(6) cognitive monitoring to be aimed at recognition of preoperative cognitive decline and to detect POD as early as possible, including in the recovery room(7) effective treatment of POD by protocols(8) follow-up of POD patients all along their hospital stay(9) patient information on adequate medical support, to ensure continuity of care after discharge.,Thank you for your attention,
