1、Chapter one1. Linguistics is generally defined as the .2. The study of language as a whole is often called .3. The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.4. The study of is known as semantics.5. Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .6. The stud
2、y of is generally known as applied linguistics.7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic.9.
3、 From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .12. Modern linguistic
4、 regards the language as primary, not the written.13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to the language.14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.15. Prescriptive and descri
5、ptive represent two different of linguistic study.答案：1. scientific study of language2. general linguistics3. sounds4. meaning5. psychology6. applications7. descriptive8. history; changes9. prior10.langue; parole11.prescriptive12.spoken13.written14.conducted15.typesChapter Two1. Phonetics is defined
6、as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds language.2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively. 3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms
7、 of _ .4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_.5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_; t
8、hus making the two phones similate.7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is_.9. Language is first _through its sounds.10. The letter P in terms of place of articulation_
9、 in terms of manner of articulation is _.11. _, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language . 12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _.13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the disti
10、nction of _and_ vowels .14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of_.15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a _and a phrase consisting of the same elements. 答案:1. phonic medium2. labeled articulation phonetics3. manner of articulation; place of articulation4. th
11、e speech sounds5. allo phones6. sequential phoneme7. varying pronunciation8. orthographically represented9. perceived10.bilabial; stops11.phonetic similarity 12.oral cavity13.tense; lox 14.simultaneous distinctive pound nounChapter Three1. Linguists define the word as the smallest _found in language
12、.2. Morpheme is the_ that carries information about meaning or function.3. The root consistutes the _ of the word and carries the major components of its meaning .4. Morpheme are usually _: there is no nature connection between their sound and meaning.5. When _ are conjoined to other morpheme （or wo
13、rds）, a new words are derived , or formed.6. Derivation is an _ that form a word with meaning and category distinct from that of its bases. 7. Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound , words_.8. _ are the foundation building blocks of a language .9. Linguists use the term morph
14、ology to refer to the part of the grammer that is concerned with _ and _.10.The content words of language , such as _,_,_and adverbs, are sometimes called open class words.11. Affixes_ belong to a lexical category and are always bound morpheme.12. Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely g
15、rammatical makers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_.13._, _ and free morphemes combine are the major ways to produce new words.14. The ways word are formed are called _.15. When two words are in the same _, the compound will be in this category.答案：1. free form2. smallest u
16、nit of language3. core4. arbitrary5. derivational morphemes6. affixational process7. carry meaning8. words9. word formation; word structure10.nouns; verbs; adjectives11.do not12.inflectional morphemes13.derivation; compounds14.morphological rules15.grammatical categoryChapter four1.To determine a wo
17、rds category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .2. The XP rule is .3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .4.The S rule is 5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.6.questions begin with a wh- word are ca
18、lled .7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and .10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are call
19、ed .11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are .12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .14.A special type of rul
20、e that can move an element from one position to another is .15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .答案1. meaning，inflection, distribution2. XP(specifier)X(complement)3. govern the formation of sentences4. SNP VP5. XP rule , heads6. questions7. suffice structure8. q
21、ualifier9. major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10.phrases11.coordinate structures12.a words complement13.modifiers14.transformation 15.matrix clauseChapter five1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .2. 3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situati
22、onal context and the .4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words: and .5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.7.swperordinate is more general
23、 in meaning, but hyponyms is more .8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, , and .9.There are four certain relations between sentences,they are: , , and preswpposes.10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .11.In terms of truth condition, if
24、X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is 12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by .13. Reference deals with the rel
25、ationship between the element and word of experience.14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the company it keeps15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of .答案：1. names2. referent3. linguistic context4. native words, borrowed words5. Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms6. homophones, spelling7. specific8. complementary antonyms, relational opposites9. synonymous , inconsistence , entails10. semantic11. entails12. primary , related , coincidence13. linguistic ,non-linguistic14. J.R.Firth15. meaning
