1、语言学教程复习题与答案 (胡壮麟版第一章 ) Chapter I Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based
2、 on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas,
3、 studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produ
4、ce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study
5、 of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the stud
6、y of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the wr
7、itten language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.de Saussure. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user s k_ of the rules
8、of his language. 22.Langue refers to the a_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23.D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno广告网址 n that language cons
9、ists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is
10、called s_. 26. Human capacity for language has a g _ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such ap
11、plications is generally known as a_ linguistics. 29. Language is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 30. Linguistics i
12、s generally defined as the s _ study of language. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descript
13、ive D. linguistic 32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as
14、 more basic than writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A histo
15、rical study of language is a _ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 36.Saussure took a (n)_ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociological psychological B. psychological sociological C. applied pragmatic D.semantic a
16、nd linguistic 37. According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. so
17、unds C. objects D. ideas 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission 40. The details of any language system is passed on from one ge neration to the nex
18、t through _ , rather than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52
19、.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity 54. Displacement 55.Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 Parole V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary
20、vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail. 62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic
21、 study? 65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? 66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? 67. How do you understand competence and performance ? 68. Saussure s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys
22、 distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences? 69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T
23、 18.F 19.F 20.F II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic) III. There are four choices following each statem
24、ent. Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in commu
25、nication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called ps
26、ycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called
27、 morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and t
28、heories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features
29、of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to ref
30、er to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that langua
31、ge is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines compete
32、nce as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication. 59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community; Langue is the
33、 set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it doesnot change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from pe
34、rson to person, and from situation to situation. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, la
35、nguage is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between formand meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. T
36、his fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolicnature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no
37、matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term “human“ in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term “communication“ means that language makes it possible for its u
38、sers to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs. 62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.For ins
39、tance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language,the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is notenti
40、relyarbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for languag
41、e tohave an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretationof new signals by its users. This is why the y can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that the
42、y have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duali
43、ty The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which aremeaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of
44、language can becombined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This dualityof structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communicati
45、on system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far -away places. In other words, language can be used to refer
46、 to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmission Human beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or p
47、assed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on “high “(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific wa
