1、GLP-1类似物应对2型糖尿病治疗面对的挑战,2型糖尿病的治疗面临多方面的挑战,糖尿病诊断,2型糖尿病进展的附加因素,碳水化合物代谢参数,时间,糖尿病前期,糖尿病,有更有效的解决办法吗?,理想的治疗药物应从多方面干预2型糖尿病,主要内容,GLP-1的发现及生理作用利拉鲁肽更出色的GLP-1类似物 - 利拉鲁肽的临床特点 - 利拉鲁肽与传统药物对比(LEAD 3) - 基于肠促胰素的治疗的比较,肠促胰素(incretin)的发现,1932年,拉贝尔(La Barre):肠道中存在一种可以影响血糖的激素,并为之命名为肠促胰素(incretins)。 1967年,佩雷(Perley)和奇普尼斯(Ki
2、pnis):发表于临床研究杂志(Journal of Clinical Investigation) :肠促胰素效应(Incretin Effect ),血浆葡萄糖(mmol/L),10,5,60,120,180,10,时间 (分),5,0,15,血浆葡萄糖,90,0,180,270,肠促胰素在正常胰岛素应答反应中至关重要,尽管血浆葡萄糖浓度相似,口服葡萄糖后的胰岛素应答反应要强于静脉输注葡萄糖,Nauck et al. Diabetologia 1986;29:4652, 健康志愿者(n=8),Slide No. 6 ,2型糖尿病中肠促胰素作用减弱,0,20,40,60,80,胰岛素 (mU
3、/L),0,30,60,90,120,150,180,时间 (min),0,20,40,60,80,0,30,60,90,120,150,180,时间 (min),2型糖尿病患者,正常人,静脉注射葡萄糖,口服葡萄糖,*与口服后的相应值相比p.05Nauck MA, et al. Diabetologia. 1986;29:46-52.,肠促胰素:GLP-1 及 GIP,胰高糖素样肽1 (GLP-1:Glucagon-like peptide-1 ) 主要由位于回肠和结肠的L细胞合成和分泌作用于体内多个部位: 胰腺 细胞和 细胞、胃肠道、中枢神经系统及心脏等其作用是通过特异受体介导的葡萄糖依赖的
4、促胰岛素多肽 (GIP:glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide )主要由位于十二指肠和空肠的K细胞合成和分泌的作用部位:主要作用于胰腺 细胞; 也可作用于脂肪细胞、神经前体细胞及成骨细胞等其作用是通过特异受体介导的,Drucker DJ. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2929-2940; Thorens B. Diabetes Metab. 1995;21:311-318; Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2131-2157; Nyberg J, et al.
5、 J Neurosci. 2005;25:1816-1825.,GLP-1与GIP的生理作用不尽相同,神经保护食欲,心脏保护心输出量,胃排空,胰高血糖素分泌 胰岛素分泌 胰岛素合成 细胞增殖 细胞凋亡,葡萄糖生成,葡萄糖利用,脂肪生成,骨质生成,Slide No. 9 ,Toft-Nielsen et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2001),进餐,进餐,时间(min),时间(min),T2DM患者的肠促胰素缺陷主要为GLP-1分泌受损而非GIP,GLP-1与GIP,T2DM患者GLP-1的缺乏大于GIP;GLP-1比GIP的促胰岛素分泌能力更强;T2DM患者中,G
6、IP不抑制胰高糖素分泌,GLP-1更有研发价值,一种由31个氨基酸组成的肽链由胃肠道L-细胞分泌通过进食反应分泌(直接腔内刺激和间接神经刺激),Slide No. 12 ,胰腺,胃,心脏,大脑,肝脏,GLP-1具有更多针对T2DM病理生理的作用,Adapted from Baggio 213157,Intestine,心脏保护心功能,饱腹感,胃排空,葡萄糖输出,葡萄糖依赖胰岛素分泌,胰岛素合成,葡萄糖依赖胰高糖素分泌,Slide No. 13 ,GLP-1控制血糖具有葡萄糖浓度依赖性,Mean (SE); *p4,000 例2型糖尿病患者,5个随机、对照、双盲研究1个随机、对照、开放研究,40
7、 个国家,挑战目前对2型糖尿病治疗的预期,Slide No. 27 ,LEAD可用于2型糖尿病的序贯治疗,利拉鲁肽单药vs. SULEAD 3,利拉鲁肽+MET vs. SU +MET LEAD 2,利拉鲁肽+SU vs. TZD + SU LEAD 1,利拉鲁肽+MET+TZD vs. MET+TZDLEAD 4,利拉鲁肽 +MET+SU vs.甘精胰岛素+MET+SULEAD 5,利拉鲁肽+MET 和/或 SU vs. 艾塞那肽(Exenatide)+MET 和/或 SULEAD 6,LEAD: Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes. All
8、studies 26 weeks duration (LEAD 3=52 weeks); all RCT; Marre et al. Diabetic Medicine 2009;26:26878 (LEAD-1); Nauck et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32:8490 (LEAD-2); Garber et al. Lancet 2009;373:47381 (LEAD-3); Zinman et al. Diabetes Care 2009; DOI:10.2337/dc08-2124 (LEAD-4); Russell-Jones et al. Diabetes
9、 2008;57(Suppl. 1):A159 (LEAD-5); Buse et al. Lancet 2009; in press (LEAD-6).,LEAD研究: 基线资料,Marre et al. Diabetes 2008;57(Suppl. 1):A4 (LEAD 1); Nauck et al, Diabetes Care, published online 10.23 37/dc08-1355 (LEAD 2); Garber et al, The Lancet, early online publication, 25 Sept 2008 (LEAD 3); Zinman
10、et al. Diabetologia 2008;51(Suppl. 1): Poster 898 (LEAD 4); Russell-Jones et al. Diabetes 2008;57Suppl. 1):A159 (LEAD 5).,利拉鲁肽降低HbA1c最大达1.6%,Marre et al. Diabetic Medicine 2009;26;26878 (LEAD-1); Nauck et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32;8490 (LEAD-2); Garber et al. Lancet 2009;373:47381 (LEAD-3); Zinman e
11、t al. Diabetes Care 2009;32:122430 (LEAD-4); Russell-Jones et al. Diabetologia 2009;52:204655 (LEAD-5); Buse et al. Lancet 2009; 374:3947 (LEAD-6),利拉鲁肽可使更多患者达到HbA1c控制标准(7%),#全部人群中达到ADA标准的患者 (LEAD-4,-5,-6); 饮食、运动控制失败后加用利拉鲁肽的患者 (LEAD-3); 或OAD单药治疗加用利拉鲁肽的患者 (LEAD-2,-1). *p0.01, *p0.001, *p0.0001,与活性对照相比
12、,Marre et al. Diabetic Medicine 2009;26;26878 (LEAD-1); Nauck et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32;8490 (LEAD-2); Garber et al. Lancet 2009;373:47381 (LEAD-3); Zinman et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32:122430 (LEAD-4); Russell-Jones et al. Diabetologia 2009;52:204655 (LEAD-5); Buse et al. Lancet 2009; 374:3947 (L
13、EAD-6),利拉鲁肽迅速有效降低空腹和餐后血糖,FPG (mmol/L),10,二甲双胍+ 磺脲类LEAD 5,利拉鲁肽降低FPG (2周内),降低三餐后血糖,Marre et al. Diabetes 2008;57(Suppl. 1):A4 (LEAD 1); Nauck M, et al. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32(1):84-90. (LEAD 2); Garber A, et al. Lancet. 2009 Feb 7;373(9662):473-81. (LEAD 3); Zinman et al. Diabetologia 2008;51(Supp
14、l. 1): Poster 898 (LEAD 4); Russell-Jones et al. Diabetes 2008;57(Suppl. 1):A159 (LEAD 5).,利拉鲁肽降低体重最大达3.2kg,体重变化 (kg),0.0,-0.5,-1.0,-1.5,-2.0,51%,43%,-2.5,-3.0,-3.5,2.5,2.0,1.5,1.0,0.5,联合SU LEAD-1,联合MetLEAD-2,联合Met + TZD LEAD-4,联合Met + SU LEAD-5,单药治疗LEAD-3,联合Met 和/或SU LEAD-6,全部患者; *与对照相比具有显著差异,Marre
15、 et al. Diabet Med 2009;26;26878 (LEAD-1); Nauck et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32;8490 (LEAD-2); Garber et al. Lancet 2009;373:47381 (LEAD-3); Zinman et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32:122430 (LEAD-4); Russell-Jones et al. Diabetologia 2009;52:204655 (LEAD-5); Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947 (LEAD-6),利拉鲁肽可降低
16、收缩压,Marre et al. Diabet Med 2009;26;26878 (LEAD-1); Nauck et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32;8490 (LEAD-2); Garber et al. Lancet 2009;373:47381 (LEAD-3); Zinman et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32:122430 (LEAD-4); Russell-Jones et al. Diabetologia 2009;52:204655 (LEAD-5); Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947 (LEAD-6
17、),主要内容,GLP-1的发现及生理作用利拉鲁肽更出色的GLP-1类似物 - 利拉鲁肽的基本介绍 - 利拉鲁肽与传统药物对比(LEAD 3) - 基于肠促胰素的治疗的比较,LEAD 3:与传统药物比较,LEAD 3 研究设计,0,52,104,Time (周),-3,利拉鲁肽 1.8 mg 一天一次 (n=247),利拉鲁肽1.2 mg 一天一次 (n=251),格列美脲 8 mg 一天一次 (n=248),T2DM,年龄18-80岁既往饮食/运动或口服药单药治疗,剂量达到最大剂量的一半HbA1c 11.0 % (饮食和运动)7.0% and 10.0% (口服药) FPG 7.013.9 m
18、mol/L (饮食和运动)12.2 mmol/L (口服药)BMI 45 kg/m2,138个研究中心(美国和墨西哥),随机双盲,双模拟研究,利拉鲁肽剂量调整期,利拉鲁肽 1.8 mg 一天一次(n=154),格列美脲8 mg 一天一次(n=137),利拉鲁肽 1.2 mg 一天一次(n=149),随机双盲(52 周),开放性观察(52 周),随机化后停用口服药,Garber et al, The Lancet, early online publication, 25 Sept 2008 (LEAD 3). Data are mean (SD).,LEAD 3 研究:利拉鲁肽单药治疗长期维持
19、HbA1c达标(周),6.5,9.0,8.5,8.0,7.5,7.0,0,Weeks,HbA1c (%),LEAD 3, 饮食运动控制的患者,利拉鲁肽 1.2 mg 单药治疗,利拉鲁肽 1.8 mg 单药治疗,格列美脲 8 mg,4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48,52,Change in HbA1c (%)*,-1.4,-1.2,-1.0,-0.8,-0.6,-0.4,-0.2,-1.6,-1.6,-1.2,-0.9,Garber et al, The Lancet, early online publication, 25 Sept 2008 (LEAD 3
20、). Data are mean (SD).,LEAD3 研究:利拉鲁肽单药治疗长期维持HbA1c达标(2年),Observed mean2SE, no imputation for missing values,7.5%,7.1%,6.9%,LEAD3研究:利拉鲁肽单药治疗FPG控制优于格列美脲,LEAD3研究:低血糖发生率明显低于格列美脲(2年),p0.0001,p0.0001,0.23,0.21,1.76,Rate of minor hypoglycemia (events per patient-Year),Slide No. 41 ,应用利拉鲁肽无严重低血糖发生,不同HbA1c控制水
21、平时的低血糖发生率,LEAD1-6荟萃分析N=3967,Diabetes 2010; 59 (Suppl. 1): A2089 (764-P),低血糖事件/患者-年,LEAD3研究:利拉鲁肽降低体重并长期维持(2年),Observed mean2SE, no imputation for missing values.,-2.8 kg,-2.3 kg,+1.0 kg,Change in body weight (kg),8,16,24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,与传统药物比较:利拉鲁肽的特点,维持血糖长期达标葡萄糖浓度依赖性降糖,低血糖发生率明显低于传统药物
22、降低体重并长期维持改善细胞功能降低收缩压,改善CVD风险,主要内容,GLP-1的发现及生理作用利拉鲁肽更出色的GLP-1类似物 - 利拉鲁肽的基本介绍 - 利拉鲁肽与传统药物对比(LEAD 3) - 基于肠促胰素的治疗的比较,基于肠促胰素治疗的分类,Wick 49(Suppl. 1):S3040,人GLP-1类似物:利拉鲁肽,1860研究:比较利拉鲁肽与西格列汀,已知GLP-1受体激动剂与DPP-4抑制剂特点,GLP-1 受体激动剂注射不受内源性分泌制约GLP-1升至药理学水平强效降低体重恶心时有发生,DPP-4 抑制剂口服受内源性分泌水平的限制GLP-1水平在生理范围内升高疗效适中体重无变化
23、耐受性良好,药理浓度的GLP-1才能够恢复其降糖作用,生理水平 GLP-11(15 mM 高糖钳夹),药理水平 GLP-12(15 mM 高糖钳夹),血浆 GLP-1:46 pM健康人,血浆 GLP-1:41 pM2型糖尿病患者,血浆 GLP-1:126 pM2型糖尿病患者,Vilsbll et al. Diabetologia 2002;45:11119.9 Hjberg et al. Diabetologia 200810,1860 研究设计,利拉鲁肽 1.8 mg,西格列汀 100 mg,筛查,26 周,利拉鲁肽 1.2 mg,扩展研究,随机、开放、三组活性药物对照、平行研究11中心:欧
24、洲,美国,加拿大665 例患者入组基线平均 HbA1c 8.5%,Pratley R et al., Lancet 2010 Apr 24;375(9724):1447-56.,人口学及基线资料,Data are mean (SD) unless stated otherwise,Pratley R et al., Lancet 2010 Apr 24;375(9724):1447-56.,Both p0.0001,0.0,Mean (1.96 SE); data are from the full analysis set last observation carried forward (
25、LOCF). p-values refer to differences between treatments for the change from baseline to week 26. Estimated treatment differences are from an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment and country as fixed effects and baseline value as a covariate,平均HbA1c 变化,Pratley R et al., Lancet 2010 Ap
26、r 24;375(9724):1447-56.,Slide No 52,达到ADA/EASD及AACE血糖控制标准患者比例,ADA/EASD 7.0%,AACE 6.5%,56%,35.1%,21.2%,43.7%,22%,11.3%,p0.0001,p0.0001,p0.0001,p=0.0059,LOCF FAS,Subjects reaching target (%),Pratley R et al., Lancet 2010 Apr 24;375(9724):1447-56.,平均体重变化,Mean (1.96 SE); data are from the full analysis
27、set LOCF. p-values refer to differences between treatments for the change from baseline to week 26. Estimated treatment differences are from an ANCOVA model with treatment and country as fixed effects and baseline value as a covariate,Both p0.0001,-0.96,-2.86,-3.38,Pratley R et al., Lancet 2010 Apr
28、24;375(9724):1447-56.,轻度低血糖事件 (confirmed 3.1 mmol/L),One major hypoglycaemic episode (liraglutide 1.2 mg group; blood glucose level, 3.6 mmol/L) without seizures or coma,Data are from the safety analysis set,Pratley R et al., Lancet 2010 Apr 24;375(9724):1447-56.,复合终点,HbA1c 7.0%, 无体重增加及低血糖事件,24.0%,1
29、7.1%,13.5%,6.2%,HbA1c 7.0%, 无体重增加且SBP 130 mmHg,34.9%,45.9%,p0.0001,p0.0001,p0.0001,p=0.0005,SBP, systolic blood pressure,Pratley R et al., Lancet 2010 Apr 24;375(9724):1447-56.,伴有恶心的患者比例(%),使用利拉鲁肽的患者出现恶心症状,往往呈一过性,16,Data are from the safety analysis set,Patients (%),10,8,6,4,2,0,12,14,0,2,4,6,8,10,1
30、2,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,3,4,1,2,1,1,1,Numbers next to data points are numbers of patients withdrawn due to nausea,Time (weeks),Pratley R et al., Lancet 2010 Apr 24;375(9724):1447-56.,GLP-1受体激动剂的比较,Wick 49(Suppl. 1):S3040,人GLP-1类似物:利拉鲁肽,Slide No. 58 ,出现抗体增多的患者比率,利拉鲁肽1,0,20,40,60,80,100,艾塞那肽+ 二甲双胍2,43%
31、,8.6%,97% 的氨基酸与人GLP-1同源,53% 的氨基酸与人GLP-1同源,利拉鲁肽抗体未导致疗效降低,Study duration: Liraglutide 26 weeks; exenatide 30 weeks.1LEAD1,2,3,4,5 meta-analysis of antibody formation; Data on file; 2DeFronzo et al. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1092,内源性人GLP-1,利拉鲁肽,艾塞那肽,利拉鲁肽:与人GLP-1同源性高,较少产生抗体,LEAD 6 研究设计,BID, twice daily; OD,
32、 once daily,Blonde et al. Can J Diabetes 2008;32(Suppl):A107 (LEAD 6).,人口统计学资料及患者基线特征,Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947,除特殊说明,数据均为均数(标准差),Slide No. 61 ,* Time of day = 07:0009:00,* Time of day = 17:0019:00,Rosenstock et al. Diabetes 2009,LEAD 6:与艾塞那肽相比,利拉鲁肽 药代动力学曲线平稳,能够保证24小时有效,利拉鲁肽降低HbA1c显著优于艾塞那肽,Me
33、an (2SE),Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947,-1.12,-0.79,利拉鲁肽组患者HbA1c的达标率更高,Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947,54,43,35,21,LEAD6 研究:利拉鲁肽控制FPG显著优于艾塞那肽,利拉鲁肽组患者平均体重降低3.2Kg,Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947,Mean (2SE),两不同治疗组间无显著性差异,利拉鲁肽组平均降低sBP 2.51mmHg,Mean (2SE),两不同治疗组间无显著性差异,Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:394
34、7,-2.51,-2.00,LEAD6 研究: 利拉鲁肽改善细胞功能优于艾塞那肽,较基线改善32.12%,较基线改善2.74%,p0.0001,Liraglutide 1.8 mg OD,Exenatide 10g BID,Blonde et al. Can J Diabetes 2008;32(Suppl): A107 (LEAD 6).,疗效总结,利拉鲁肽1.8 mg OD与艾塞那肽10g BID相比:降低HbA1c的效果更显著控制FPG的效果更优患者HbA1c达标率(HbA1c 7.0%和6.5%)更高减轻体重及降低收缩压方面二者相当有效改善细胞功能,利拉鲁肽在良好控制血糖的同时安全性如
35、何?,利拉鲁肽轻度低血糖(确定血糖3.1mmol/L)发生少于艾塞那肽,艾塞那肽组有两次重度低血糖事件发生,Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947,1.93,2.60,利拉鲁肽组发生恶心的频率显著低于艾塞那肽,数据为占所暴露于治疗的患者人数的比例(%) (安全人群),Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947,* p0.0001 不同治疗组间比较(利拉鲁肽治疗与艾塞那肽治疗比较,发生恶心的比值比为0.448),安全性小结,利拉鲁肽1.8 mg OD与艾塞那肽10 g BID相比:更少的轻度低血糖风险更少的重度低血糖发生(利拉鲁肽组为0,艾塞那肽组
36、为0.02次/患者年)更少的持续性恶心,Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947,LEAD-6 总结,利拉鲁肽1.8 mg OD与艾塞那肽10 g BID相比:降低HbA1c和FPG更优减轻体重及降低收缩压相当更少的轻度低血糖发生风险,无重度低血糖发生更少的持续性恶心发生,Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947,LEAD-6延长研究:研究设计,利拉鲁肽1.8 mg OD 14周,BID: 每天两次; OD: 每天一次; BMI: 体重指数,利拉鲁肽 1.8 mg OD 12周 1.2 mg OD 1周 0.6 mg OD 1周,在美国及欧洲13
37、2个中心进行的随机、开放、双对照研究,Buse et al. Diabetes care. 2010,艾塞那肽转为利拉鲁肽后患者HbA1c 继续下降,Liraglutide,Exenatide,Exenatide group switched to liraglutide (week 26),Liraglutideliraglutide,Exenatideliraglutide,0,Time (weeks),HbA1c target,Mean (2 SE)026周的数据仅为参加LEAD-6延长研究的患者数据,Buse et al. Diabetes care. 2010,艾塞那肽转为利拉鲁肽后
38、患者HbA1c显著下降,p0.0001,Week 26: 7.2%,Exenatideliraglutide,Mean (2 SE),Week 26: 7.0%,Liraglutideliraglutide,Buse et al. Diabetes care. 2010,LEAD-6& 延长试验: 低血糖发生情况,Events per patient year (n),Exenatide group switched to liraglutide (week 26),p=0.0131,Weeks 026,Weeks 2640,Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947 (
39、LEAD-6)Buse et al. Diabetes care 2010,Exenatide liraglutide,LEAD-6:两者治疗手段均能有效降低体重,Buse et al. Lancet 2009;374:3947 (LEAD-6); Buse et al. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1300-1303 (LEAD-6 ext; change in body weight from baseline to week 40),Data for weeks 026 are only for patients who participated in the LEAD-6 extension phase,Mean (2 SE),LEAD-6及其延长研究结论,艾塞那肽可以方便、安全的转为利拉鲁肽治疗艾塞那肽转为利拉鲁肽治疗可以进一步降低HbA1c,并能持续减轻体重,小结,利拉鲁肽葡萄糖浓度依赖性调节胰岛素、胰高糖素的分泌改善细胞的功能,降糖效果迅速、高效、持久发生低血糖的风险低,用药2周后胃肠反应迅速降低有效减轻体重,诺和力(利拉鲁肽)使用简单方便,每日应用一次,治疗剂量固定可在任何时间注射,与进食无关,