1、高考英语书面表达写作指导 -临场写作 一篇好的书面表达在体裁、人称、时态等正确的基础上，用基本无误的语言把内容、要点全部或基本写出来非常重要，同时，考生还应兼顾行文连贯、文章通顺，则能更好的表情达意，以期取得较高分数。 一、捕捉信息，组织要点 书面表达的评分依据之一就是内容要点。 在审题阶段，考生应对要点已有一个基本了解。此时，在认真审题，弄清题意的基础上，应逐个地完整无缺地把内容要点列出来 (一般为 58 个要点 )，用明白、恰当、得体的语言表达出来；其次要尽量消除汉语式的英语表达方式，更不能逐字逐句地将 汉语译成英语 ,使得文章支离破碎。 这里，我们以 NMET 2005 年天津卷书面表达
2、试题为例： 原题： 请你根据提示用英语写一篇短文，介绍第十五届全国书市开幕当天的情况，并浅谈举办书市的意义。 日期 2005 年 5 月 18 日 地点 天津 人数 6 万余人（来自全国各地、各行各业） 主要活动 开幕式、科普讲座、作者与读者见面 受欢迎图书 社会科学、少儿读物、外语等 意义 提供好书、方便购书、满足人们增长知识的愿望 注意： 1. 词数： 80120 2. 可适当增加细节，以 使行文连贯 3. 参考词汇：全国书市 National Book Fair 开幕式 opening ceremony 在审题阶段，我们可以找出的要点包括： 1. 第 15 届全国书市于 2005 年 5
3、 月 18 日在天津召开； 2. 当日有 6 万余人到场，来自全国各地、各行各业； 3. 主要活动包括开幕式、科普讲座、作者与读者见面； 4. 受欢迎的图书有社会科学、少儿读物、外语等； 5. 举办书市的意义是提供好书、方便购书、满足人们增长知识的愿望。现在就可以用英语具体列出要点： 1) The 15th National Book Fair will be held on May 18th in Tianjin. 2) There are about 60,000 from all traded and professions in different regions. 3) Primar
4、y activities include opening ceremony, popular science lectures and meetings between writers and readers. 4) Books on social science, children and foreign languages are popular. 5) The significance is to provide good books, convenience to readers and satisfy peoples desire for knowledge. 二、 注重开头，写好结
5、尾大家都知道 “Well begun is half done （良好的开端是成功的一半） ”。 高考书面表达属指导性写作，从历年的试题来看，都有一定的材料提示，而且有明确的字数限制。所以开头宜开门见山，直奔主题。同时要对你所写的第一个句子慎之又慎，确保不出任何错误，最好能作到引人入胜。 下面是 2005 年 NMET 书面表达参考例文中所给出的开头 (已给出开头的不算在内 )。 Im writing for more information about the day tour to London.(全国卷 I、 II) A famous saying goes that there mus
6、t be a use for my talent.(上海 卷 ) It was snowing heavily on Monday morning.(辽宁卷 ) Chinese students celebrate their birthdays in different ways, but the most common way is to hold a birthday party, at which friends get together to have fun drinking, singing and dancing. (浙江卷 ) 另外，文章能否得高分，结尾也很关键。好的结尾能起
7、到画龙点睛的作用，也能使阅卷老师的眼前为之一 “亮 ”。至于说怎样结尾，应根据不同体裁的文章而定，或总结全文，或表明对所写人物的态度，或适可而止，水到渠成。 下面是 2005 年 NMET 书面表达范文中所给出的结尾 (已给出结尾的不算在内 )。 Whats more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations. (福建卷 ) Dear fellow students, lets start fight now and spare no effort to do a little bit
8、 every day, every hour, and every minute. (江苏卷 ) Or, we should not hope to get rewards without hard work. (广东卷 ) In this way, we express thanks to our parents in return for their love. (浙江卷 ) 三、谴词造句，准确表达高考英语书面表达 “具体评分标准 ”第四条中指出，评分时应注意的主要内容有：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。 且个档次具体给分标准中 “最高档 ”的要求
9、是：应用了较多的较复杂的语法结构或高级词汇；语法结构或词汇方面又些许错误，但那是为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。从 这些方面我们可以看出，一篇好的书面表达不仅仅要求 “要点齐全 ”，还对 “应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性 ”方面提出了具体明确的要求。它不仅要求考生能够根据提示和要求准确表达出要点，而且还要求考生在写作中能创造性地表达有关要点。同时，考生必须注意，所有创新必须以准确性为前提。考生应尽量使用自己熟悉的、见过的，运用较自如的词汇 或 表达方式，冷静思考，扬长避短。 1、 遣词 遣词的基本原则是准确、生动
10、、形象，符合习惯。但是，有时由于受中文的干扰，有的考生往往紧抠着提示中的某个中文词语绞尽脑 汁地去找所学过的等同该词的英文词语，不但浪费了时间，更主要的是往往选用的词不恰当。遇到这种情况，可以采取转译法，用同义词、近义词，甚至可用反义词转代表达。例如： “开会 ”这个 “开 ”可借助动词 “have” 或 “hold” 等来转译。又如 “签名 ”，虽然学过 “sign ones name”如果一时想不起来可以用 “write down ones name”来释意。再如 “懒惰 ”可以用 “not hard-working”， “不熟悉 ”可用 “know little about” 等来表达。
11、 在写作中，考生还可 以适量使用 “较高级或高级词汇 ”，但要注意语言的得体性。所谓 “较高级或高级词汇 ”主要是指中学英语教学大纲上没有的词语，或使用通过构词法派生、变化而来的省次，或使用同（近）义词或反义词等来代替常见词语。 如： 例 1：这个政党只有十名成员。 1） The party is made up of only 10 members. 2） Only 10 members constitute the party. 分析： 1)句中的 be made up of 是常见词组，为考生们所熟悉；而 2）句中的 constitute 是则是大纲上没有的，属于较高级词汇。 例 2：他
12、的成功要归功于他父母的鼓励。 1） He attributes his success to his parents encouragement. 2） His success is attributable to his parents encouragement. 分析： 1）句中的 attribute to 是考生们熟悉的词组；而 2）句中使用了 be attributable to ，其中 attributable 是由 attribute 派生而来的，也属于较高级词 汇。 2、 造句 在造句时，考生要注意以下三点： （ 1）句子既要生动，又要简明扼要。 （ 2）在写作中应避免使用相同
13、长度的相同句型，而应注意句式的变化，如长短句结合，简单句、复杂句和复合句并用，还可以使用简化具等；一些较复杂的结构如独立结构、分词结构等也可以使用。 （ 3）可以使用一些特殊句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力，以期增加文章 “亮点 ”。 下面摘选几句 2005 年 NMET 书面表达中一些值得学习和借鉴的 “亮点 ”词汇与句型供欣赏。 Every time she gives performances at the school party, teachers and students sing high praise for her. (上海卷 ) What he sees
14、in the mirror is not his physical self but what he will be like in twenty years. (北京卷 ) To move or not, this is a big decision, which has to be made by people in Beijing.（全国卷 III） Another case in point is my best friend Liu Mei. (上海卷 ) 3、高考书面表达怎样运用较复杂结构 近几年的高考考试说明中，关于高考英语书面表达评分标准第五档 (很好 )中有这样一段话： “应
15、用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致。 ”这就是说 ,学生仅运用基础的词汇和基本的句型，不能体现出较强的语言运用能力，即使表达无语法错误，也不能得高分；相反有些错误，目的在有意识 地使用复杂结构或较高级词汇，也不扣分，仍属于最高档次。 以下将介绍一下在高考书面表达中应如何运用较复杂结构。 （ 1）改变时态 例如： The bell is ringing now. (一般 ) There goes the bell! (高级 ) （ 2）改变语态 例如： People suggest that the conference be put
16、off. (一般 ) It is suggested that the conference be put off. (高级 ) （ 3）使用不定式 例如： He is so kind that he can help me.(一般 ) He is so kind as to help me.(高级 ) （ 4）使用过去分词 例如： She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.(一般 ) Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.(高级 ) Once it is
17、 seen, it can never be forgotten.(一般 ) Once seen, it can never be forgotten.(高级 ) （ 5）使用 V-ing 形式 例如： When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.(一般 ) On arriving/his arrival, please give me an e-mail.(高级 ) If the weather permits, Ill come tomorrow.(一般 ) Ill come tomorrow, weather permitting.(高级 ) （
18、6）使用 名词性从句 例如： It disappointed everybody that he didnt turn up.(一般 ) The fact that he didnt turn up disappointed everybody.(高级 ) I happened to have met him.(一般 ) It happened that I had met him.(高级 ) To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.(一般 ) What surprises him is that the little gir
19、l knows so many things.(高级 ) （ 7）使用定语从句 例如： The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.(一般 ) The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.(高级 ) （ 8）使用状语从句 例如： I wont believe what he says.(一般 ) No matter what he says, I wont believe.(高级 ) If you come back before
20、 six oclock, you can go out.(一般 ) You can go out on condition that (provided that) you come back before six oclock.(高级 ) If she doesnt agree, what shall we do?(一般 ) Supposing that she doesnt agree, what shall we do?(高级 ) （ 9）使用虚拟语气 例如： If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam.
21、 （高级） I wish it were spring all the year around. （高级） He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England. （高级） （ 10）使用倒装句 例如： The teacher didnt come until he finished his homework. （一般） Not until he teacher came did he finish his homework. （高级） I never shall do this again. （一般） Ne
22、ver shall I do this again. （高级） As though the chemistry homework was very difficult, it was finished in time. （一般） Difficult as was the chemistry homework, it was finished in time. （高级） （ 10）使用强调句型 例如： Professor Lin teaches us English. （一般） It is Professor Lin who teaches us English. （高级） I saw the
23、film in Shanghai. （一般） It was in Shanghai that I saw the film. （高级） 四、整理成篇，行文连贯众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。考生答题时要根据所给的条件、提示、将事情发展过程合理排列成文；同时要注意文章逻辑要清楚，先写什么，后写什么，并应注意句与句、段 与段之间的连贯；要能够使用一些常用的表示时间顺序、方位关系、因果关系等逻辑概念的过渡词语，将句子按英文习惯连贯成篇。切忌按中文意思，随意排列组句。 过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词
24、或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词犹如 “桥梁 ”，在文章中发挥着连接上下文的作用，学会恰当地运用过渡词会使文章结构紧凑，启、承、转、合，过渡自然，融会贯通，连成一体。 下面我们来看看常见的一些过渡词语： 1、根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十六类： （ 1）表并列关系的过渡词： and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor等。 （ 2）表递进关系的过渡词： besides, in addition（加之，除
25、 之外） , moreover(此外，而且 ), whats more， whats worse等。 （ 3）表转折对比的过渡词： but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not onlybut also, herethere, years agotoday, thisthat, the formerthe latter, thennow, the f
26、irst whereas the second, oncenow, on the one hand on the other ha nd, someothers 等。 （ 4）表原因的过渡词： because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于） , for this reason, owing to, as far as, considering that, seeing that 等。 （ 5）表结果的过渡词： so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then,
27、 thereby, hence, sothat, suchthat , accordingly等。 （ 6）表条件的过渡词： if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as 等。 （ 7）表时间的过渡词： when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, ne
28、xt, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment 等。 （ 8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词： first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end,
29、at last, afterward(s)（后来） , meanwhile（几乎同时） , thereafter（在那以后） , last, finally, eventually（终于）等。 （ 9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词： in other words, that is to say, to put it another way 等。 （ 10）表进行举例说明的过渡词： for instance, for example, take as an example, namely, such as, like, in other words, that is to say, that is
30、等。 （ 11）表陈述事实的过渡词： in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth 等。 （ 12）表强调的过渡词： certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, of course, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, und
31、oubtedly, absolutely 等。 （ 13）表比较、对比的过渡词： like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, rather than, on the contrary, by contrast, one one hand, on the other hand, otherwise 等。 （ 14）表目的的过渡词： for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to 等。 （ 15）表总结的过渡词： in a word(总之，简言之
32、 ), in general, in short(总之 ), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, to conclude, at last, in summary, on the whole 等。 （ 16）表增补的过渡词： in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, whats more, similarly, next, finally 等。 2、文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启
33、、承、转、合。 “启 ”就是开头 , “承 ”是承接， “转 ”是转折， “合 ”是综合或总结。 （ 1） 用 于 “启 ”的过渡词语 用于表示 “启 ”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头： 过渡词： first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, current
34、ly, 过渡句： It is often said that, As the proverb says, It goes without saying that, It is clear/obvious that, Many people often ask （ 2） 用于 “承 ”的过渡词语 表示 “承 ”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中： 过渡词： second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example,
35、for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt， 过渡句： It is true that, Everybody knows that, It can be easily proved that, No one can deny that The reason why is that , There is no d
36、oubt that, To takefor an example (instance) , We know that, What is more serious is that （ 3） 用于 “转 ”的过渡词语 用于 “转 ”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中： 过渡词： but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无 论如何 ), nevertheless(虽然如此 ), otherwise, or, or else, while, wher
37、eas, but, despite, in spite of ., yet, instead, 过渡句： I do not believe that, Perhaps youll ask why This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to, Though we are in basic agreement with , yet differences will be found, Thats why i feel that （ 4） 用于 “合 ”的过渡词语 用于 “合 ”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或
38、文章的结论段中： 过渡词： in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking， to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus， after all(毕竟 ), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之 ), on the whole(就整体而言 ), to sum u
39、p 过渡句： From this point of view On account of this we can find that The result is dependent on Thus, this is the reason why we must 有些考生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用 so， and， then， but， or， however， yet 等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词 ,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。 例如： 学生 习作： TV
40、 And Website TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in. They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It
41、 makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Some information on websites changes all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. Every medium has
42、its own features. It is hard to say which is better. 分析：这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。修改后的文章： TV and Website Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also ha
43、ve different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in. However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professio
44、nal TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better. 修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段 第一 段第一句为： Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. 第二段第一句为： However, they are different in many ways. 第三段第一句为： In a word, every medium has its own features
