1、,Maximizing Dairy Farm Profitability and Productivity through Improving Feed Efficiency通过提高饲料转化率优化奶牛场效益Trevor Tomkins Ph.DPresident and Founder, venture | dairy,Introduction 提纲,What Is Feed Efficiency (FE)什么是饲料转化率,Factors that affect FE饲料转化率的影响因素,How to improve FE如何提高饲料转化率,Increased FE and Profitabi
2、lity提高饲料转化率及牛场效益,How FE can improve dairy farm profitability,为何改善饲料转化率可提高牛场经济效益？,Dairy Farm Productivity and Profitability,What are all the factors that we should be thinking about everyday? 我们应该思考的影响饲养成本的因素是什么 ？What is our biggest cost? 饲养过程的最大支出是什么？How much control do we have over this cost? 对于这项支
3、出我们有怎样的掌控能力？How do we know we are getting the best value for our money? 如何判断我们的投入是否得到了最大的回报？How do we measure the success of our dairy farm? 如何衡量我们的牛场经营方式是否成功？Kg of milk we produce? 产奶量 ？Profit at the end of the year? 年终利润 ？饲料 =FEED,MILK OUT.FEED IN 产奶饲喂,What is FEED used for? 饲料的作用？Maintenance 维持Br
4、eathing 呼吸Walking 行走Maintaining Body weight 维持体重Production 生产Milk 产奶Growing a calf 孕育犊牛,What is Feed Efficiency? 什么是饲料转化率,Feed Efficiency (FE) is a measure of: 饲料转化率是一种衡量方法 ：converting nutrients into milk in lactating cows 泌乳奶牛将摄入的营养物质转化为牛奶how well we are managing our farm and our animals 我们应如何管理牛场及
5、奶牛the quality of our feed 饲料的质量how the profitability of the farm will look 牛场的经济效益如何,What is Feed Efficiency? 什么是饲料转化率,Feed Efficiency (FE) is a measure of converting nutrients into milk in lactating cows:The simplest measure of FE is kg of milk produced per kg of feed dry matter (DM) consumed (milk
6、, kg/DM intake, kg) with an optimal range of 1.4 to 1.9.饲料转化率即每千克饲料干物质能够生产多少千克牛奶，其理想值为 1.4 1.9 units of MILK OUT per units of FEED IN,What is Feed Efficiency? 什么是饲料转化率,Feed Efficiency (FE) is a measure of converting nutrients into milk in lactating cows. 饲料转化率是衡量营养物质转化为牛奶的重要指标Because the amount of e
7、nergy output of milk varies with fat content of the milk, generally FE measurement uses milk corrected for fat content (3.5% FCM) according to the following formula: 因为产奶所需的能量与牛奶中脂肪量的变化而变，一般采用3.5%乳脂矫正奶来衡量FE，公式如下：,3.5% FCM (kg) = .432 x milk (kg) + 16.23 x fat (kg),Increased FE and Profitability 提高饲料
8、转化率与利润,Why increased FE can improve dairy farms profitability,为什么提高饲料转化率可提高牛场的经济效益 ,Feed efficiency change over time in US,近20年，美国饲料转化率的变化,The circumstances facing all dairy farmers all over the world are the same: 目前全世界奶农面临相同的问题 ：Rising feed costs 饲料成本提高Milk prices that dont correspond necessarily
9、to feed prices 但牛奶价格并未随饲料价格的提高而提高If we are to maximize our profitability and be competitive in todays environment we must: 若要在现今环境具有竞争力并取得最大经济效益，必须 ：Focus all attention on feed efficiency 聚焦饲料转化率Understand all the factors that impact it 了解影响饲料转化率的因素Manage our business to improve feed efficiency 通过经营
10、管理提高饲料转化率,Increased FE and Profitability 提高饲料转化率与利润,Nutrition Factors 营养因素,Feed Efficiency32kg of Milk and $1.5/kg Feed Cost,Key dairy program,In the example given in Table 1, improving FE from 1.4 to 1.5, while maintaining milk production, increases profitability of a 1,000-cow dairy by $91,980/yea
11、r.如表1所示，饲料转化率从1.4提高到1.5，在维持产奶量不变的前提下，1000头奶牛一年净利润提高了91，980美元,Increased FE and Profitability 提高饲料转化率与利润,Profitability As Productivity Changes 利润随产奶量的变化,Profitability as Price Changes 利润随牛奶价格的变化,High milk price/low feed cost,Low milk price/high feed cost,Factors Affecting Feed Efficiency 饲料转化率的影响因素,Nu
12、trition Factors 营养因素What you feed 饲喂什么How you feed it 如何饲喂When you feed it, transition cow, lactation 饲喂时期，过渡牛，泌乳牛How you manage what you feed 如何管理所喂饲料Non-Nutrition Factors 非营养因素How you manage the rest of the business.如何管理除营养因素之外的条件,Nutrient Balance on a Dairy Farm 牛场的营养平衡,Key Concepts 核心概念Understan
13、d nutrient INPUTS, OUTPUTS, and % of nutrients that remain on the farm or that are lost to the environment. 理解营养的输入和输出，以及营养物质用于维持和生产或损失在环境中的百分比。Assess your nutrient balance. This allows you to determine management options that increase the recycling of nutrients from cropland to cattle and back to c
14、rops again. 评估营养平衡，增加营养物质的循环利用从农田到奶牛最终归田。The percentage of dietary N and P that remain on the dairy farm can be as high as 76% and 81% (respectively).日粮N，P百分比分别为76% 和 81% Point: Profitable milk production includes both milk productivity and efficiency of nutrient utilization. 关键点: 牛奶盈利包括牛奶生产能力和营养物质利
15、用效率两点。,Dry Matter Intake DMI=feed digestibility and forage quality 干物质采食量取决于饲料消耗率和牧草质量The biggest single feed problem on most dairy farms is forage quality 对多数牛场来说，最主要的问题是牧草质量How many producers know the quality of what they are feeding? 有多少饲养者了解所饲喂饲料的质量Every cow knows the quality of what it is being
16、 fed 每头奶牛都知道其食入饲料的质量,Factors Affecting Feed Efficiency 饲料转化率的影响因素,Factors Affecting Forage Quality 影响牧草质量的因素,Forage quality = digestibility 牧草质量=消化力Type of product 牧草种类When harvested 收割时间Fed green, dried or made into silage 饲喂方式，青绿牧草，干草，或青贮Dry matter DM 干物质Fiber levels 纤维水平Acid Detergent Fiber-ADF 酸
17、性洗涤纤维Neutral Detergent Fiber-NDF 中性洗涤纤维,Examples of forages 牧草样品,Corn silage,Corn stover,Alfalfa Haylage,Physical characteristics of the diet also affect motility of the rumen 饲料的物理特性也会影响瘤胃蠕动,Primary contractions for mixing of contents 瘤胃收缩可充分搅拌混合内容物Rumination for particle size reduction and stimula
18、tion of saliva flow 反刍可降低瘤胃内容物粒度并刺激唾 液分泌,The physical composition of the TMR is critically important TMR的物理结构极其重要,Consistent intake without sorting 保证采食的一致性无需分类Homogeneous mix for fermentation 同质混合易于发酵Sufficient ability to stimulate mixing and rumination 刺激饲料在瘤胃内的混合及反刍Particle size and homogeneity t
19、o prevent premature small particle passage 粒度和同次行可防止过早出现粒度过小Modulate fermentation rate of rapidly fermentable substrates 调节快速发酵底物的发酵率,The physical composition of the diet 日粮的物理结构,Must have a diet that is presented to the cow where there is: 奶牛饲料必须具备的物理特性是：Consistency of particle size 粒度均一Birds nest
20、feeling 呈鸟巢状,Dry matter digestibility (DMD) 干物质消化率 (29,817 haylage samplesAgri-King),Nutrition Factors 营养因素,Maximizing Feed Intake 最大化饲料采食量The percentage of CP required to supply adequate protein for milk production varies with intake level. 提供乳蛋白的饲料粗蛋白的比例随饲料采食量的变化而变化Increasing dry matter intake by
21、5% reduces the CP needed by about 1%. 干物质采食量提高5%粗蛋白需求随之降低 1%Higher intake levels increase microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. 提高采食量可提高瘤胃中微生物蛋白的合成Increasing intake level can decrease the need for higher dietary protein. 提高采食量可降低高日粮蛋白的需求,Nutrition FactorsTMR 营养因素TMR,Precision feeding of the grou
22、ps: 精确合理搭配日粮组分 ：Better allocate high energy feeds to maximize production 更好的分配高能饲料实现生产最大化Improve efficiency of N and P use 提高N 和 P 的利用效率Decrease N and P excretion 降低 N 和 P 的排泄Improve sustainability 增强饲养的可持续性 Precise rations can meet requirements for: 精确日粮配方可满足奶牛的如下需求 ：Milk production 产奶需求 Maintenanc
23、e 维持需求Gestation 孕育需求,Non-feed Factors affecting FE 非营养因素,Level of Milk Production 产奶量水平Number of Days in Milk 泌乳天数Age 年龄Body weight change 体重变化Reproduction and heat stress 繁殖和热应激Genetics 遗传潜力Environmental Focus 环境问题Walking distance 行走距离Pregnancy 孕育犊牛,Non-feed Factors affecting FE 非营养因素,Level of Milk
24、 Production 产奶量水平Increasing milk production = improved efficiency 提高产奶量 = 提高生产效率MAINTENANCE is LESS Per unit of milk producedCow 40 kg per day or 20 kg of milk per dayDays in Milk 泌乳天数Lower number of days in milk higher FEMore feed to milk, less to weight,Non-feed Factors affecting FE 非营养因素,Age 年龄1s
25、t lactation heifers can have lower FE 1岁泌乳期小奶牛的饲料转化率通常较低Still growing 身体还在生长发育0.1 to 0.2 units lower 比正常值低0.1-0.2个单位Bodyweight change 体重变化 When cow losing weight at beginning of lactation FE can be higher 奶牛在泌乳期初期体重降低通常饲料转化率较高Later lactation when gaining weight FE lower 奶牛在泌乳期后期体重增加通常饲料转化率较低,Bodywei
26、ght 奶牛体重,BW and FE 奶牛体重与饲料转化率,Non-feed Factors affecting FE 非营养因素,Reproduction and heat stress 繁殖与热应激Managing herd to optimize calving intervals 合理管理牛群优化产犊间隔Preventing heat stress and its impact on reproduction increase FE 预防热应激及其对繁殖的影响，提高饲料转化率Genetics 遗传潜力Better the genetics, better the FE 好的遗传潜力，好
27、的饲料转化率,Non-feed Factors affecting 非营养因素,Environment 环境Cold vs. warm 寒冷 vs. 温暖Wet vs. dry 湿润 vs. 干燥 Comfortable v uncomfortable 舒适 vs. 不舒适,Non-feed Factors affecting FE 非营养因素,Walking distance 行走距离Walking = energy utilization = less energy for milk 行走 = 消耗能量= 降低用于产奶的能量Pregnancy 怀孕期 As calf grows so le
28、ss feed available for milk and FE decreases 更多饲料用于犊牛生长，更少用于产奶，所以饲料转化率降低,FE and Sustainability 饲料转化率与可持续发展,Sustainability Issues regarding Diary IndustryReduce Methane Production by Increased Milk Production,Targets 目标,SummaryPutting it all together 小结,Rules of Dairy Farming 牛场法则 Monitor Feed Efficie
29、ncy-every week 每周监测饲料转化率How much feed comes onto the farm? 牛场每周购入了多少饲料 ？II. How much milk leaves the farm? 牛场每周卖出了多少牛奶 ？How much milk is wasted? 浪费了多少牛奶 ？,SummaryPutting it all together 小结,Rules of Dairy Farming 牛场法则 2. Know your feed quality 了解饲料质量Buy your feed to guaranteed specifications 购买规范饲料II
30、. Check the values independently 监测各项营养价值III. If making silage-make it properly! 合理制作青贮,SummaryPutting it all together 小结,Rules of Dairy Farming 牛场法则3. Formulate a balanced ration 调配平衡日粮Must be done by a professional nutritionist with a computer 必须由专业营养师使用电脑软件进行科学合理调配II. Know your ration specificati
31、ons 了解你所使用日粮的详细规格III. Know the cost of each ingredient and the whole diet 了解日粮配方中各个成分及整体的价格IV. Dont include things that are not necessary or proven 不要随便添加不必要或不确定的成分,Balancing the rationrules of thumb 平衡日粮 经验法则,DMI must be known 必须知道干物质采食量Forage minimum 40% of diet (1.5% BW) 牧草至少应占整个日粮的 40% （奶牛体重的1.5
32、% ）Concentrate/grain maximum 60% of diet (2% BW) 精饲料/谷物最多不超过整个日粮的 60% （28% 中性洗涤纤维 28%Protein, depends on forage quality, 15-19% 蛋白质含量取决于牧草质量，通常为 15-19%Fat 7% 脂肪含量 7%Balanced for minerals, vitamins 平衡的矿物质和维生素,SummaryPutting it all together 小结,Rules of Dairy Farming 牛场法则4. Feed a consistent diet 饲喂恒定日
33、粮Total Mixed Ration (TMR) 全混合日粮Keep feed in front of cows 24/7 保证料槽中随时有饲料Make sure same DM all the time 保证干物质恒定5. Measure milk quantity and quality 测量牛奶产量和质量Can only manage what you measure 只有测量后才能管理Know somatic cell counts 了解牛奶中的体细胞数,SummaryPutting it all together 小结,Rules of Dairy Farming 牛场法则6. M
34、onitor body weights (BW) 监测奶牛体重Body condition scoring (BCS) 体况评分Actually weighing cows 实际体重7. Have a daily management list 建立日常管理档案Are cows comfortable? 奶牛是否舒适？Are cows clean? 是否清洁?Is there feed in front of them? 料槽中是否有料Are they eating it? 奶牛是否吃你所提供的饲料,What we should be looking for 我们寻找的是,Outstanding cows 优质奶牛,Thank you! 谢谢 ！Maximizing Dairy Farm Profitability and Productivity Through Improving Feed Efficiency通过提高饲料转化率优化奶牛场效益,Trevor Tomkins, Ph.D.November 2012,
