1、The normal structure of the eyeball,Terms,角膜：corneaCorne/o-,Cornea角膜，Megacornea大角膜，Microcornea小角膜，Kerat/o-,Keratitis角膜炎，Keratomalacia角膜软化症巩膜：scleraScler/o-,Scleritis巩膜炎，Episcleritis表层巩膜炎，Episclera巩膜上层（epi-，beyond something）,epidermis表皮，上皮Epidermal表皮的，外皮的,虹膜:iris , Irid/o-,Iridotomy虹膜切开术，iridectomy虹膜
2、切除术，iridocyclitis虹膜睫状体炎睫状体：ciliary body脉络膜:choroid , Choroid/o-,choroidal脉络膜的，choroidoretinitis脉络膜视网膜炎视网膜：retin/oretinitis视网膜炎，retinopathy视网膜病变,diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变 瞳孔:pupil ,Pupill/o-,pupillomotor瞳孔运动的，pupillometer瞳孔计玻璃体:vitreous , Vitre/o-,vitreous玻璃体的,Vitrectomy玻璃体切除术,Vitreretinal玻璃体视网膜的,
3、Vitreretinopathy玻璃体视网膜病变晶状体：lens视盘：optic disk黄斑:macular视神经：optic nerve中央凹:Fovea,Diabetic retinopathy,Definition Causes Symptoms Risk factors Tests and diagnosis When to seek medical advice Complications Treatments and drugs Prevention,Diabetic retinopathy,Definition,Diabetic retinopathy is a complic
4、ation of diabetes that results from damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina).,cause,Diabetic retinopathy can happen to anyone who has type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.,Causes,When you have diabetes, your body doesnt use sugar (glucose) properly.,Cau
5、ses,If your blood sugar level is too high, your natural lens may swell which can blur your vision.,Causes,Eventually, too much sugar in your blood can damage the tiny blood vessels (capillaries毛细血管) that nourish the retina. This can result in diabetic retinopathy.capillary ,Capill/o- , n.& adj.毛细管(的
6、)Capillaritis毛细管炎,Symptoms,At first, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems.,Symptoms,You can have diabetic retinopathy and not know it. In fact, symptoms are unusual in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy.,Symptoms,Eventually, however, diabetic retinopathy can
7、result in blindness. In China ,diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in adults.,symptoms,In fact, up to 45 percent of adults diagnosed with diabetes in China have some degree of diabetic retinopathy, according to the National Eye Institute.,symptoms,And the longer you have diabetes, t
8、he more likely you are to develop diabetic retinopathy.,Symptoms,Diabetic retinopathy usually affects both eyes.,Symptoms,As the condition progresses, diabetic retinopathy symptoms may include: A) Spots floating in your vision B) Blurred vision C)Dark streaks or a red film that blocks your vision D)
9、 Poor night vision E) Vision loss,Diabetic retinopathy is usually classified as early or advanced.,Early diabetic retinopathy. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is the most common type of diabetic retinopathy. It can be described as mild, moderate or severe. NPDR : (Non Prolifertive Dibet
10、ic Retinopthy) 非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变,When you have NPDR, the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken.,Tiny bulges（凸起） protrude（伸入） from the vessel walls, sometimes leaking or oozing fluid and blood into the retina. These bulges are called microaneurysms. Microaneurysms : 微动脉瘤，微血管瘤,In the early stage
11、s of diabetic retinopathy, the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. Tiny bulges protrude from the vessel walls, sometimes leaking or oozing fluid and blood into the retina. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, new blood vessels may grow and threaten your vision.,As the condition progress
12、es, the smaller vessels may close entirely and the larger retinal veins may begin to dilate（扩大） and become irregular in diameter（直径）. Nerve fibers in the retina may begin to swell.,Sometimes the central part of the retina (macula) begins to swell, too. This is known as macular edema. Macula : 黄斑Macu
13、lar edema ：黄斑水肿,terms,Extensive ：广泛的，大量的Intraretinal microvascular abnormalitis （IRMA）视网膜内微血管异常Intraretinal : 视网膜内部的Microvascular ：微血管的Cotton wool spots : 棉绒斑Hemorrhage ：出血Roots that means blood：Hemo- ，hema- ,hem-, haemo- ,haema- ,haem-rrhage ,出血，流血Gastrointestinalrrhage 消化道出血,Advanced diabetic reti
14、nopathy. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the most severe type of diabetic retinopathy.,When you have PDR, abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina.,Sometimes the new blood vessels grow or leak into the vitreous (the clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of your eye ). 玻璃体:vi
15、treous ，Vitre/o-,vitreous玻璃体的,Vitrectomy玻璃体切除术,Jelly-like :胶状的,Eventually, scar tissue stimulated by the growth of new blood vessels may cause the retina to detach（脱离） from the back of your eye.,If the new blood vessels interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, pressure may build up in
16、 the eyeball. This can damage the optic nerve . (The nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain ).,Peripheral : 外围的，不重要的Peri- ，外围的，周围的Perinatal 围产期的，出生前后的Periportal 门静脉周的，Periarteritis 动脉周围炎，periappendicitis 阑尾周炎,Exudative maculopathy : 渗出性黄斑病变Hard exudates :硬渗出物Hard exudates and hemorrha
17、ges lateral to macula ：单侧性黄斑硬性渗出和出血 Lateral :侧部的,Apparent ：明显的Quadrant ：象限，四分之一圆Prominent ：显著的,Risk factors,Diabetic retinopathy can happen to anyone who has diabetes. The risk is highest if you:,Risk factors,Have poor control of your blood sugar levelHave high blood pressureHave high cholesterolAre
18、 pregnantAre black or HispanicSmokeHispanic ：西班牙人Cholesterol ：胆固醇,Risk factors,The longer you have diabetes, the greater your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy.,When to seek medical advice,Early detection of diabetic retinopathy is the best way to prevent vision loss:（a）If you have diabetes, s
19、ee your eye doctor for a yearly dilated eye exam（扩瞳检查） even if your vision seems fine.（b）If you become pregnant, your eye doctor may recommend additional eye exams throughout your pregnancy. (c)Contact your eye doctor right away if you experience sudden vision changes or your vision becomes blurry,
20、spotty or hazy（模糊或有斑点）.,Complications,The abnormal growth of new blood vessels in the retina can lead to serious vision problems:,Vitreous hemorrhage. The new blood vessels may bleed into the clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of your eye（vitreous）. Retinal detachment（视网膜脱离）. This may
21、 cause blurred vision, spots floating in your vision or severe vision loss.,Glaucoma. The new blood vessels may interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye and cause pressure in the eye to build up. Blindness. Eventually, diabetic retinopathy can lead to complete vision loss. Glaucoma ：青光
22、眼,Tests and diagnosis,Diabetic retinopathy is best diagnosed with a dilated eye exam. During the exam, your eye doctor will look for: Abnormal blood vesselsSwelling, blood or fatty deposits in the retina Damage to the nerve tissueGrowth of new blood vessels and scar tissueBleeding in the vitreousRet
23、inal detachment,Tests and diagnosis,As part of the eye exam, your doctor may do a retinal photography test called fluorescein angiography. Your doctor also may request an optical coherence tomography (OCT) exam. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA)荧光素眼底血管造影术Fundus 眼底，基底，宫底，Fluorescein 荧光素，angiograph
24、y 血管造影术,Fundus hemorrhage 眼底出血Optical coherence tomography （OCT）光学相干断层扫描Coherence 连续性，相关性，一致性Tomography ：X线断层摄影术=laminography,Treatments,Treatment for diabetic retinopathy depends on the type of diabetic retinopathy you have, its severity and how well it may respond to specific treatments.,Early dia
25、betic retinopathy,If you have nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, you may not need treatment right away. However, your eye doctor will closely monitor your retina to determine if you need laser treatment.,Advanced diabetic retinopathy,If you have proliferative diabetic retinopathy, youll need pro
26、mpt surgical treatment. Sometimes surgery is recommended for severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, too.Depending on the specific problems with your retina, options may include:,Treatments and drugs,laser treatmentsurgical treatment. Virtectomy,Prevention,Remember, diabetes doesnt necessarily
27、 doom you to poor vision. Taking an active role in diabetes management can go a long way toward preventing complications.Doom 宣告厄运,Prevention,Make a commitment to managing your diabetes.Monitor your blood sugar level.Ask your doctor about a glycated hemoglobin test.Glycated hemoglobin test 糖化血红蛋白检测G
28、lycated 糖化的，hemoglobin血红蛋白=haemoglobin,Prevention,Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control.Quit smoking. Take stress seriously. Pay attention to vision changes.,Want more information?Go to these websites:,英文：(1)American Academy of Ophthalmology http:/www.eyenet.org/(2)Canadian Ophthalmological Society http:/www.eyesite.ca/(3)National eye institute http:/www.nei.nih.gov/(4)免费网上检索Medline数据库 http:/ (5)美国国立医学图书馆 http:/www4.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/,中文：中国眼科医学信息网 http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ End,
