1、泌尿系结石的诊疗原则,衡阳市中心医院 泌尿外科,UROLITHIASIS,1、流行病学因素(Epidemiologic factor)发病率( Incidence ): 2-3%性别(Gender):男多于女,3:1年龄(Age):高发年龄25-40岁种族(Race/Ethnicity ):地理和气候(Geography and climate ):职业(Occupation):饮食和营养(Food and nutrition):水分摄入( Fluid Intake ):疾病(Disease):代谢性疾病(Metabolic Abnormality),概述Overview,2、尿液改变(Alt
2、eration of urine )成石(stone formation)物质增加尿pH改变:pH 升高,磷酸镁铵、磷酸盐沉淀 pH 降低,尿酸和胱氨酸结晶尿量减少(hypourocrinia concentration )抑制结石形成的成分(solution product)减少尿路感染(urinary tract infection),概述Overview,3、解剖结构的异常(Abnormal of anatomic structure),概述 Overview,肾乳头钙化caruncula papillariscalcif of 结石核心,兰德尔(氏)肾钙斑(Randalls plaqu
3、es),解剖结构的异常(Abnormal of anatomic structure),憩室(diverticulum)狭窄(stricture)梗阻(obstruction)髓质海绵肾(medullary sponge kidney )尿路畸形(anomaly)尿路感染(urinary tract infection)成石加速。,尿路疾病(diseases of urinary tract):,尿液滞留(urine stagnation),最常见泌尿外科疾病。上尿路结石增多,原发于膀胱的结石明显减少。 90%的尿路结石不再开放手术治疗。,概述Overview,草酸盐(carbonite)为主
4、的结石成因不明。结石的成因:i. 盐过饱和结晶;ii. 抑制石成分少减;iii. 尿路的通畅程度和粘膜表面性质改变。,磷酸盐结石(phosphatic calculus) 感染和梗阻尿酸结石(uric acid calculus) 尿酸代谢异常胱氨酸结石(cystine calculus) 家族遗传性,结石成因,概述结石成分及特性,成分:多种盐类混合形成,草酸钙 (Cal. Oxalate):硬,粗糙,不规则,棕褐色 Radiopaque,概述结石成分及特性,磷酸钙 (Cal. Phosphate):脆,粗糙,不规则,灰白色 Radiopaque,概述结石成分及特性,尿酸 (Uric Acid
5、):硬,光滑,类圆,黄色。 Radioparent,概述结石成分及特性,胱氨酸结石(内窥镜下,显微镜下,X线下同尿酸结石),胱氨酸 (Cystine):光滑,淡黄色,蜡样外观。 Radioparent,概述结石的病理生理Overview: Pathophysiological Change of Calculus,损伤(Injuries):hematuria,Infection,stricture感染(Infection):pelvis,renal parenchyma, perinephric infection梗阻(Obstruction):hydronephrosis renal ins
6、ufficiency 肿瘤(Neoplasma):Squamous cell Car.,结石在形成过程中可导致以下问题:,上尿路结石Upper Urinary Tract Calculus (Renal-Ureteral Stone),临床表现 Clinical Presentations,1. 疼痛(Pain) 1)肾绞痛(Renal colic) 2)腰部钝痛(Flank dull pain),2. 血尿:肉眼血尿(gross hematuria) 镜下血尿(microscopic hematuria),上尿路结石临床表现Clinical Presentations,3. 感染:膀胱刺激症
7、(irritative symptoms of bladder: frequency, urgency, dysuria)4. 肾功能衰竭(renal failure):见于双侧尿路结石引起梗阻(Due to obstruction of bilateralis of urinary tract calculus),诊断(Diagnosis),1、病史体检(History and Examination),血尿(blood urine):疼痛(pain): vague pain / colic pain体检(examination):sensitive to percussionrenal r
8、egion, pain of the tenderness point of ureter,鉴别诊断(Differential diagnosis),胆囊炎/结石Cholecystitis / Gall stone阑尾炎Appendicitis卵巢囊肿蒂扭转Torsion of ovarian cyst异位妊娠Ectopic pregnancy卵泡黄体破裂盆腔炎(pelvic inflammation),2、化验室检查,肉眼血尿(gross hematuria)镜下血尿(microscope hematuria),感染性结石(Infection Stones ):白细胞增多(leukocyto
9、sis) 或脓尿(pyuria) 尿培养(urine culture)阳性(positive),代谢性疾病(Metabolic disease):测定血和尿的钙(calcium)、磷(phosphonium)、尿酸(uric acid)、草酸(oxalic acid),诊断(Diagnosis),3、影像学检查(Imageology examination),(1)B超检查,适应症(indication of ultrasonic inspection):,诊断(Diagnosis),确诊结石的主要手段 Major means of final diagnosis,阴性结石Radioparen
10、t calculus造影剂过敏Supersensitivity of contrast agent孕妇Pregnant woman肾功不全Renal inadequacy经皮肾穿刺引导Guide to PCN,(2)X线检查首选检查,(i)尿路平片(Kidney ureter bladder, KUB) : 首选(first choice)检查,95%可确诊,初步定位,(ii)静脉性尿路造影(Intravenous pyelography,IVU) ,定位,形态,梗阻,肾功能,确定阴性结石,治疗方案选择,诊断(Diagnosis),(iii)逆行造影(retrograde pyelograph
11、y )B超和IVU不能达到定位目的或结石以下尿路情况不明时。X线引导的经皮肾穿刺,诊断(Diagnosis),(4)CT检查,适应症(Indication):非首选,主要鉴别充盈缺损(filling defect)(阴性结石、肿瘤、血块)是否属于结石。了解有无肾脏畸形,复杂结石的空间位置关系,3D重建(3-D reconstitution),确定经皮肾通道,经皮肾镜时周围脏器与肾脏的关系。,诊断(Diagnosis),上尿路结石诊断,(5)放射性核素肾显像(radioactive nuclide renal imaging),评价治疗前后的肾功能,作分肾功能测定,4、内腔镜(Endoscope
12、): Cystoscopy / Ureteroscopy,平片未显示结石,但IVU或逆行造影有充盈缺损,其他检查不能明确者,上尿路结石治疗,依据结石性质、位置、大小和泌尿系统形态学差异采取个体化治疗(individualized treatment)。,方法:保守治疗(conservation management ) 体外冲击波碎石(Extracoroporeal shock wave lithotripsy ) 腔内碎石取石(Intracavitary lithotripsy and lithotomy) 开放手术治疗(Open surgical therapy),治疗(Treatment
13、),1、保守治疗(Conservative Therapy),结石大小将决定能否排石治疗。0.4cm,光滑,成功率:90%。结石小于0.6cm,排石治疗,(1)肾绞痛的治疗:度冷丁(dolantin),阿托品(atropine), 654- ,黄体酮(luteohormone),吲哚美辛(indomethacin)等 下段结石可试用a-R阻滞剂(a-receptor block agent)(盐酸坦索罗辛) (2)大量饮水(hydroposia),中药排石(removing urinary calculus using Chinese medicine) (3) 控制感染,排石(removin
14、g urinary calculus)治疗方法:,治疗(Treatment),病因治疗(Etiological treatment),甲旁亢(hyperparathyroidism ):切除腺瘤(excision adenoma),尿路畸形(urinary tract anomaly ) :矫正畸形(correction of the defect),取出结石(removal calculus),尿路梗阻(urinary obstruction):解除梗阻, 取出结石( removal the obstruction and the calculus),治疗(Treatment),药物治疗(d
15、rug treatment),尿酸结石:碱化尿液(alkalify urine) (枸橼酸钾,重碳酸钠)、减少尿酸形成、饮食调整,胱氨酸结石:碱化尿液、a-巯丙酰甘氨酸/乙酰半胱氨酸、卡托普利,治疗(Treatment),感染性结石:口服氯化铵(take orally ammonium chloride),一般性预防:大量饮水,饮食调整(减少含磷食物,限制磷吸收氢氧化铝凝胶),原理(Principle):,2、体外冲击波碎石( Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ESWL),治疗(Treatment),治疗(Treatment),ESWL适应症(Indi
16、cation of ESWL ):,肾输尿管上段2.0cm(2009版指南)的结石,排除了排石和结石碎片分散的不利因素,ESWL禁忌症(Contraindication of ESWL):,结石远端(distal end)梗阻,妊娠,出血倾向(hemorrhagic tendency),严重心血管疾病,戴起搏器,尿路感染,血肌酐高于265mol/L,育龄(reproductive life)妇女下段输尿管结石。体重过大,肾脏位置过高,畸形,结石不能定位,治疗(Treatment),ESWL中要考虑的问题:,结石性质(胱氨酸结石草酸结石),过渡肥胖者(hyperadiposity),结石是否嵌顿
17、(incarceration),结石是否已导致患侧肾功能明显受损者,治疗(Treatment),ESWL并发症,治疗(Treatment),2000 shocks at 24 kV by a Dornier HM3 lithotripter , examined 4 hours,SWL with 1200 shocks at 22 kV,3、腔内治疗(intracavitary therapy)(1)经皮肾镜碎石取石(percutaneous nephrostolithotomy, PCNL),治疗(Treatment),治疗(Treatment),X线引导的经皮肾穿刺(percutaneou
18、s nephrostolithotomy),治疗(Treatment),输尿管镜(兼作肾镜)和取石钳,筋膜扩张器(fascial dilators )和薄皮鞘(Peel -sheat),气压弹道碎石机,钬激光碎石机,监视系统,治疗(Treatment),气压弹道碎石,钬激光碎石,治疗(Treatment),治疗前,治疗后,PCNL,PCNLESWLPCNL,经皮肾镜碎石取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL),大于等于2.0cm的肾盂结石,肾下盏结石,尤其是结石远端梗阻、ESWL失败(质硬,残留)、代谢性疾病所致结石以及L3水平以上的输尿管结石。,治疗(Tr
19、eatment),适应症(indication of PCNL),经皮肾镜碎石取石术禁忌症(Counterindication of PCNL),上尿路结石治疗,疑血功能障碍(coagulation disorders )、造影剂过敏(hypersusceptibility to contrast agent)、过度肥胖(hyperadiposity),经皮肾镜碎石取石术并发症(Complication of PCNL),Laceration of renal parenchymaPerforation of pelvisHaemorrhagPeakage of urineArterio-ve
20、nous fistulaInjuries of periphery organ,3、腔内治疗(2)输尿管镜取石碎石(Ureteroscopic lithotripsy and lithotomy ),治疗(Treatment),治疗(Treatment),中下段输尿管结石(stone in midst and inferior segment of ureter),ESWL失败者,阴性结石(radioparent calculus),“石街”(stone street)治疗,输尿管镜碎石取石禁忌症(Contraindication of URL),Extenuation specially o
21、f ureterUreter stenosisUreter distortion severelyHyperadiposityHemorrhagic tendency,治疗(Treatment),输尿管镜碎石取石的适应症(Indication of URL),并发症(Complicatons of URL),Infection(retrograde infection)Trauma of ureter (false passage, perforate, laceration, even disrupt),Ureter strictureUreter obliterated Bladder-u
22、reter reflux,治疗(Treatment),(3)腹腔镜输尿管取石(laparoscopic ureterolithotomy, LUL),经腹腔(transperitonaeum)或经腹膜后(retroperitonaeum)腹腔镜取石适于治疗大于2cm的结石;ESWL或镜检取石失败者。,治疗(Treatment),腹腔镜输尿管取石适应症(Indication of LUL),禁忌证( Contraindication of LUL ),腹膜后广泛粘连,过度肥胖,结石过小,5、开放手术(Open orperation),越来越少! Only stone associated ana
23、tomic abnomality should be removed the stone with simultaneous correction of defect. 开放手术的特点:不需要特殊设备和专门训练,可同时处理并存的先天性畸形。但损伤大,残余结石率复发率较高,再次手术难度加大。,治疗(Treatment),(1)肾盂切开取石术(pelviolithotomy):肾外型肾盂(extrarenal pelvis)结石【图A,图B为 肾内型肾盂(intralrenal pelvis )】大于1cm,合并梗阻和感染。,(2)肾实质切开取石术(nephrolithotomy),方法:a. 肾
24、实质段间切开取石b. 前后段间线切开取石术c. 由皮质变薄处切开取石术,治疗(Treatment),适应症:肾盏结石,肾巨大鹿角形结石不宜不能行PCNL者。,(3)肾部分切除术(heminephrectomy),适应症(Indication):结石在肾脏一极,实质萎缩或肾盏明显扩张有明显复发因素者。,治疗(Treatment),(4)肾切除术(nephrectomy),适应症(Indication) :结石已导致肾功能结构严重破坏对侧肾脏功能良好者,适应症(Indication) :结石嵌顿久或其他方法无效,(5)输尿管切开取石术(ureterolithotomy),双侧上尿路结石治疗原则1.
25、 双肾结石:先做病变轻侧,功能好侧,结石少侧2. 双肾结石:两肾功能均差:尽量保护肾功能,先做容易侧,手术影响小一侧3. 一肾一输:先输后肾4. 双侧输尿管结石:病情允许可同时取,否则先取梗阻严重一侧,治疗(Treatment),上尿路结石的预防 (Prevention),Drink sufficient water to keep the urine volume about 2-3L/day.Eat natural fiber cereal.Limit their intake of oxalate-rich foods.To avoid indulgence no more than 3
26、 glasses of milk/day, also benefit the general health overall, by reducing the risk or hypertension, heart disease, and colon disease.,下尿路结石Lower Urinary Tract Calculus (Vesical-Urethral Stone),膀胱结石(Vesical Calculus)原发性(primary)膀胱结石:见于营养不良小儿,现已 罕见。继发性(secondary)膀胱结石:见于膀胱出口梗阻,膀胱憩室,膀胱异物,肾结石排到膀胱等。 临床表现
27、(Clinical Presentation):典型症状排尿突然中断伴疼痛,并放射,排尿困难,膀胱刺激症状(结石和感染引起),膀胱结石(Vesical Calculus),诊断(Diagnosis):X线检查-KUB,B超(同时检查)BPH,膀胱镜检查(同时治疗)治疗(treatment):膀胱镜同时碎石:液电,超声波,激光,气压弹道大力碎石钳;耻骨上膀胱切开取石术,Clinical features:排尿困难(dysuresia)伴疼痛 急性尿潴留(urinary retention)Diagnosis: 前尿道结石可触及 后尿道结石B超和X线检查Treatment:前尿道结石行直接取石 后尿道结石先送回膀胱再治疗,尿道结石 Urethral Calculus,