1、第 1 页 共 62 页初中英语语法梳理和提高名 词表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。知 识 梳理：提 纲 挈 领 ，抓住重点和 难 点！一、名词的分类类 别 意 义 例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall个体名词 表示单个人的人或事物girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country可数名词集合 名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称people, police, team, clothes, group, crew物质名词 表示无
2、法分为个体的物质water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli名词普通名词不可数名词抽象名词 表示抽象概念的词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它不大写。3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer -a beer 一杯啤酒， work- a work 工厂，著作 ，glass-a glass 一个玻璃
3、杯， room 空间-a room 一个房间二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 “a 或 an”；复数形式是在名词后加 “-s 或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：当名词为： 词尾变化 读 音 例 词在清辅音后读/s/ chips, jeeps, pats , clocks一般情况 加 s在浊辅音或元音后读/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的单词 加 es /iz/watches, boxes, classe
4、s, brushes以字母 o 结尾的单词 加 s 或 es /z/zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,以辅音字母+y结尾的单词去 y 变 i加 es /z/ dictionaries, strawberries,以 f 或 fe 结尾的单词去 f 或 fe 变 v 加 es/vz/ leaves, wives, halves以 th 结尾的词 加 s /z/; /z/ mouths, paths; months, deaths第 2 页 共 62 页2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. man-men,
5、womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mouse-mice单复数同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,由 man 和 woman 构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctor men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有
6、些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数 ). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用 a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物- foods 各种食物，time 时间 - times 时代，green 绿色 -greens 青菜(2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope -hopes 希望 hardship - hards
7、hips 艰苦(3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of 来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, 三、名词的所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+s；另一种是用 of, 表示 “的”。1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +s。 eg. Mr. Motts robot, childrens clothes(2) 以 s 结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 + eg. teachers books(3) 两人共有的物体 , 则在第二个名词后+s; 如果分别是两人
8、所有, 则在每个名词后面 +s。 eg. Lucy and Lilys room. (指两人共住一个房间)Mrs Greens and Mrs Browns son. (指两人各自的儿子 )(4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略eg. the doctors (office) Mr. Whites2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用 of 短语来表示所属关系。 eg. the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom， (2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用 of 短语表示。eg. a long story of a 50-y
9、ear-old man (4) 双重所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Toms(5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s 来构成所有格。eg. ten minutes walk, todays newspaper例 题 解析： 举 一反三，学的更 轻 松！1. They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D 三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C 项为不可数名词, 因
10、此选 C.2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here.第 3 页 共 62 页A. orange, orange B. oranges, orangesC. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子 , 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home .A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walkC. 25
11、minute walk D. 25 minutes walk解析: 句中的 minute 应该用其复数的所有格形式 ,只+,而不能+s,因此选 A。4. An old _ wants to see you.A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析: person 与 people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用 “a person”,“两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选 B。5
12、. Help yourself to _.A. chickens and apples B. chickens and appleC. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉 ,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple 为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选 D。6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _.A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers解析: room number 房间号码. roo
13、m 可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 . 类似的还有 my phsics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 应选 C。7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _.A. family B. house C. home D. room解析: family 指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house 指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而 home 指的是家, 因此选 C.8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they
14、have gone to Shanghai .A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and PeterC. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters解析: 此句中 “mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选 D。9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month.A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 解析: 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.因此选 B。10. He is a succe
15、ss as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching.A. many experiences B. much experienceC. an experience D. a lot experience解析: experience 作 “经验” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选 B。11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago.A. you
16、 B. your C. your sister D. your sisters解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格 .应选 D。12. A group of _ are talking with two _.第 4 页 共 62 页A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选 A.13.The team _ having a meeting .
17、A. is B. are C. am D. be解析: team 是一个集合名词 ,即可表示复数意义( 指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选 B。14. “Would you like _?” “_, please.”A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees解析: drink 和 coffee 是不可数名词, 可以用of 来表示数量, eg, three cups of coffee, 当前
18、面加 a 时,则表示 “ 一杯” 因此选 C。15. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men.A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millionsC. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions解析：earth 是不可数名词，因此删除 B D,数以百万的应为 millions of . 因此选 A。练习 与巩固：熟能生巧，取
19、得好成 绩 ！选择最佳答案：1 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life2. -This is a photo of _ when they were young.-OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathersC. my mothers and
20、 fathers D.my fathers and my mother3. The new student is in _ , Grade Two.A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class4. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers5. The market isnt far from her
21、e. Its only _ bicycle ride.A.half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half6. - What would you like to drink, girls?- _, please.A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs
22、for _.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks8. Some _ are flying kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs9. After the exam, well have_ holiday.A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks10. They are those _ bags.Please put them on the bus.第 5 页 共 62 页A. visitor B. visitors C. v
23、isitors D. visitors11.- How many workers are there in your factory?- There are two _.A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of12. -What do you think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?- It sounds really wonderful. A. subject B. music C. book D. animal13. There is not enough _ in th
24、e corner for the fridge.A. place B. room C. field D. ground14. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating itA. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk15. If you dont take more _, youll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise16. My school is about twenty _ walk from here.A. minute B. minutes
25、C. minutess D. minutes17. Mum, I have _ to tell you!A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good news18. Which is the _ to the post office?A. street B. way C. road D. address19. I stayed at _ last Sunday.A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncles D. my uncles family20. Maths _ not ea
26、sy to learn.A. are B. is C. am D. were1-5 CBCBB 6-10 CACCD 11-15 ABBCD 16-20 BBBCB冠 词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词 (the)知 识 梳理：提 纲 挈 领 ，抓住重点和 难 点！一、 不定冠词的用法1)用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类：例如：She is a girl. Pass me an apple , please.2)、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如：A boy is waiting for youWe work six days a week.3). 表示 “一”
27、这个数量,但数的概念没有 one 强烈.例如:We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.I have a mouth , a nose, two eyes and two ears.4). 用于某些固定的词组中. 例如:a few, a little, a lot of注: 用 a 还是 an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头.二、定冠词的用法第 6 页 共 62 页1) 特指某( 些) 人或某(些)物.例如: the photo of the boy2) 指双方都知道的人或物.例如 :-Where are the new boo
28、ks, Jim?- They are on the small table.3) 指上文提过的人或物.例如 :Today he is making a machine.He wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane.4). 用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:The sun is bigger than the moon.5). 用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如:The first truck is carrying a few baskets.The third one is carrying the fewes
29、t of all.6). 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:the Great Wall the North Street Hospital7). 用在一些习惯用语中.例如 :in the morning (afternoon, evening), on the left(right)at the end of三、不用冠词的情况1）在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如：China, Grade Two, Bill Smith, milk2）名词前已有作定语用的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。例如：The letter is in her pocket.
30、I think the shop is closed at this time of day.3）复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如：My father and mother are teachers.I like cakes.4）在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如：It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc.)Today is Mid-Autumn Day.It is cold in winter.5）在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Uncle Wang likes making things.What colour are Mrs Greens shoes?6）在三
31、餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如：He went to school after breakfast.Can you play basketball?注： 在某些固定词组中，如：at home, by bus, go to school 等的名词前不用冠词。例 题 解析： 举 一反三，学的更 轻 松！1. _ milk is food. _ milk in this cup has gone bad.2. -Do you like playing _ football?第 7 页 共 62 页-Yes. But I have only _ basketball.3. Do you know _gi
32、rl on _another side of _ lake?4. Theres _ “u” and _ “s” in _work “use”.5. She says _animals cants live without _air, either.6. His father, who is _honest man, is teaching in _ university.7. Which is heavier, _elephant or _ horse?8. _ cold wind was blowing from the north.9. He is always ready to help
33、 _ old and _ young.10. _ Greens are traveling in _ South China.11. Although _ most of us like to drink beer, those who drink _most are _ least healthy.12.Xiaomei saw _ interesting film last night. _ film was about _ kind doctor.13. You can have _ second try if you fail _ first time.14. Tom went to _
34、 school as usual, but he didnt know his father went to _school for a parent meeting.15. _ knowledge begins with _ practice.解析：/, the (milk 是物质名词，一般不用冠词， 但后面加上一个定语 in the cup 后，使其成为特指，所以需要用定冠词 the.)2. / , the (球类运动前不用 the ; 指一个物体要用不定冠词 a )3. the,/, the ( 特指这个女孩用 the;名词前已有定语 another;)4. a, an, the (“u
35、” 发音以辅音开头所以用 a;“s” 发音以元音开头所以用 an; 特指这个单词用the)5. /,/ (泛指动物所以不用任何冠词; air 不可数名词，其前一般不用冠词 )6. an, the ( honest 发音以元音开头，故用 an, 在大学里为 in the university)7. an, a 或 the ,the ( 不定冠词 a , an 和 定冠词 the 与名词单数连用表示种类)8. a (物质名词 coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind 等，在表示 “一种”或 “一场”的意义时，前面要加不定冠词。9. the, the ( 形容
36、词前加定冠词，表示一类人)10. The ,/ ( 姓氏的复数前加定冠词 the 表示一家人；在华南是 in South China)11. /, the, the ( most 当大多数讲时前面不用 the；后两空均为形容词的最高级，前面要加 the)12. a, the, a ( 第一空和第三空都指一个事物，第二空是特指前面提到的电影)13. a, the (a second try 指的是第二次)14./, the (go to school 去上学， go to the school 去那所学校)15./,/ (具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前，一般不用冠词)练习 与巩固：熟能生巧，
37、取得好成 绩 ！一、在空白处填入 a / an 或 the。1. -Mum, what shall we have for _dinner?-Dumplings.-Oh, what _ wonderful dinner! I enjoy it very much.2. _ PLA was founded on _August 1st,19273. _ Kings came to us at _ noon.4. The scientists from _ United States live in _ Ninth Street.第 8 页 共 62 页5. The doctor to him,
38、“Take _ medicine twice _day. Stay in _ bed and youll be better soon.”6. September 10th is _ Teachers Day.7. Mr Black arrived here on _ Tuesday morning.8. There are four seasons in _year. _ first season is spring. It is _ best one of _ four.9. Some people have been to _moon, in _ spaceship.10. _ Chin
39、a is _ old country with _ long history答案1. /, a 2. the, / 3.the , / 4. the, the 5. the, a, / 6. / 7. / 8. a, the ,the , the 9.the, / 10./,an,/ a 二、选择填空： A. / B. a C. an D. the1. They are living _happy life now.2. _bag on _desk is mine.3. There is _empty box on the table.4. Do you like _music of the
40、film “Titanic”?5. On _Saturday, I stay in _bed till 12:00.6. _Browns have been to China twice.7. Dont make any noise in _class.8. This is such _interesting story that you must listen to it.9. Next week they will go to Australia by _air.10. Which is bigger, _sun or _moon?Key: 1-5 BDCDA 6-10 DACAD三、在空
41、白处填入 a / an 或 the。1. This morning I bought _ newspaper and _ magazine. _ newspaper is in my bag but I dont know where I put _ magazine.2. I saw _ accident this morning. _ car crashed into _ tree. _ driver of _ car wasnt hurt but _ car was badly damaged.3. There are two cars parked outside: _ blue on
42、e and _ grey one. _ blue one is my neighbours; I dont know who _ owner of _ grey one is.4. My friends live in _ old house in _ small village. There is _ beautiful garden behind _ house. I would like to have _ garden like that.1a ,a, The the 2.an, a, a, The ,the, the 3. A, a, the the, the 4. an, a, a
43、, the, a代 词知 识 梳理：提 纲 挈 领 ，抓住重点和 难 点！一、代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。二、代词的用法1 人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词，有性、数、格的区别。表示“我” “你” “他” “我们” “你们” “他们” 。请看下表：第 9 页 共 62 页单 数 复 数 数 格人 称 主 格 宾 格 主 格 宾 格第一人称 we me we us第二人称 you you you youhe himshe her 第三人称it it they them(1)人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher.(2)宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They dont want me to go there alone.Dont worry. I can look after her.(3)宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如：- Whos that? - Its me.注意： 人称代词 we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如：You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。人称代的主格作表语，一般都在正中的谈话中， 表示强调。例如：It was he who took
