1、The Athletic Knee,Shannon M. Wolfe,The Problem,Young active patients with articular cartilage defects!Which defects progress to OA ?Which defects are symptomatic ?How do we most effectively treat these defects?,The Biology,Physiologic role of articular cartilageMinimize stresses on the subchondral b
2、oneReduces friction on the weight bearing surfaceCritical in proper joint function,Restore integrity of load bearing surfaceObtain full range of motionObtain pain free motionInhibit further degeneration,Treatment Considerations,Age of the patientDefect sizeKnee stabilityKnee alignmentLevel of activi
3、ty,Partial Thickness Defects,Articular cartilage lacks the capacity to repair structural damageProgresses when exposed to mechanical wear,Full Thickness Defects,Do not heal with hyaline cartilageHealing by subchondral stimulation leads to the formation of fibrocartilageLacks physiological role of hy
4、aline cartilagePoor wear characteristicsProgress to osteoarthritis,Non-Surgical Options,Activity modification (decrease load)Muscle strengthening (load absorption)Bracing (selective joint unloading)Aspiration (decrease painful joint distention),Non-Surgical Options,PharmacologicalOralNon-steroidal a
5、nti-inflammatory medicationChondrotin sulfateGlucosamineInjectableCorticosteroids - decrease the inflammatory response but have no mechanical benefitSynvisc - may improve the status of the articular surface by improving chondrocyte “health”,Surgical Options,Arthroscopic lavage - remove debrisArthros
6、copic shaving - smooth surfaceDrilling or microfracture - create fibrocartilage scarOsteotomy - realignment to unload diseased compartmentOsteochondral autograft - replace a damaged surfaceAutologous chondrocyte transplant - replace injured cartilageAllograft osteochondral transplantation,Arthroscop
7、ic Lavage,Remove debris and inflammation mediatorsTemporary reliefNot a definitive procedure - not curativeNot normally sufficient for athletic or active patients,Arthroscopic Debridement,Lavage and chondroplastyNo sub-chondral stimulationMay lead to improvement for up to 5 yrs.10-20% may become wor
8、seDebridement does nothing to promote repairMalaligned or unstable knees do poorly,Thermal Chondroplasty,New procedureRequires bi-polar or ultrasonic device“Seal” the articular surface with heatKeplan L,M.D. reported no injury to the chondrocytes of the involved or peripheral cartilage. “Radio-frequ
9、ency energy appears to be safe for use on articular surface.” Arthroscopy, Jan-Feb. 2000, pp 2-5.,Abrasion Arthroplasty,Debridement and stimulation of subchondral bone 1 - 1.5mm deep results in fibrocartilage repair intracortical rather than cancellous,Results : Abrasion Arthroplasty,Johnson 399 pat
10、ients66% with continued pain99% with activity restriction,Results : Abrasion Arthroplasty,UnpredictableMay not be better than debridement aloneRand noted 50% of patients who had an abrasion underwent TKR within 3 yrs.,Drilling or Microfracture,Debride lose cartilageSubchondral bone penetration drill
11、 or pick, 3/cm squaredResults in fibrocartilage repairLacks durabilityLacks the mechanical properties of hyaline cartilage,Drilling Results,Joseph Tippet,M.D.62 month follow up71% Excellent15% Good14% Fair / Poor,Results :,Richard Steadman, M.D. reported improvement in 364 of 485 patients (75%) at 7
12、 years post-op90 - 100% of the defects were healed at 4 wks. with 30% hyaline cartilage12 mos. 42% hyaline cartilage Myron Spector, M.D. demonstrated complete filling of the lesions at 3 months in an animal model,Microfracture Results :,Unpublished75% improvement50% returned to sportsSteadman / Hawk
13、ins,Osteochondral Grafting,Autologous plugs of bone with hyaline cartilage capBest done for small lesions ( 2cm.)New techniqueLimited data at follow-up,Osteochondral Autografting,IndicationsFull thickness (grade IV) lesions in the weight bearing surface of the femoral condylesWell circumscribed lesi
14、on - sharp transition zone 2 cm diameter lesionYoung patient ( 55 - 60 poor results despite other inclusion criteria,Osteochondral Autografting Contraindications,Lesions 2cm. (rare)Osteochondritis dessicansLarge OCD usually exceed donor area limitations & large bony defects w/ no subchondral referen
15、ce points,Osteochondral Autografting,AdvantagesPotential for physiologic hyaline cartilageSingle stage procedureCan be done all arthroscopically,Osteochondral Autografting,Disadvantages / ConcernsDamage to the subchondral plateCreates bleeding and fibrocartilageDonor site morbidityIncongruence of th
16、e plugs / articular surface,Donor Site Morbidity : Osteochondral Autografts,Morgan, Carter & Bobic 104 cases - no donor morbidity,Osteochondral AutograftBiopsy Proven Survival : Hyaline Cartilage, Tidemark & Bone,Wilson 10 yearsOuterbridge 9 yearsHangody 5 yearsBobic 3 yearsMorgan 1 year,Osteochondr
17、al Autografting : Results,Bobic12 CasesLesion 1 - 2.2cm.10/12 excellent results at 2 yrs.,Osteochondral Autografting : Results,Morgan & Carter52 CasesIKDC evaluationPain65% improved 2 grades31% improved 1 grade4% no change (failure),LIMITATIONS OF OATS,Potential for DJD at donor site is realNo clini
18、cal support for repair of single or multiple plugsProphylactic surgeryDifficult to justify the procedure,ALL TEN SITES OF OSTEOCHONDRAL HARVEST,Articulated and demonstrated significant contact pressureRim stress concentration may lead to DJDOsteochondral donor sites do not heal normally,There is No
19、Free Lunch!,Osteochondral Autograft,Post-opEarly motionImmediate active, active assisted, and passive ROMNWB x 2 weeksThigh muscle strengthening & stretching 3 monthsAvoidance of sports & running for 3 months,RECOVERY FROM OATS,Allow 6 weeks for plug to healDesk job RTW 1-2 weeksLaborer RTW 3-4 mont
20、hs,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation,First procedure : biopsyArthroscopic chondrocyte harvest from upper medial femoral condyleCultivation of cells 14-21 daysSecond procedure : implantationArthrotomy & debridement of lesionDefect covered with periosteal flapCultured chondrocytes injected into defe
21、ct,First Surgery-Arthroscopy,Second Surgery-Arthrotomy,Inject $10,000 worth of cells!,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation : Indications,Age 15-55Defect location femoral condyleDefect size 1-10cm.Defect type Grade IVLigament stabilityBiomechanical alignment,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation,Contrai
22、ndicationsKissing lesionsInflammitory arthritisTotal meniscectomyOver 50 (psychologic)Unstable kneeGeneralized degenerative diseaseUnhealed lesion through subchondral bone,Dedifferentiation / Redifferentiation,Method of Restoration,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: Advantages,Less donor site morb
23、idityLarger and multiple defects can be addressedGood results with longer follow-upNo violation of hosts subchondral plateFDA approved,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation : Disadvantages,Requires 2 proceduresNot arthroscopicExpensiveNo long term results,Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation,Post-opCPM
24、Active ROMToe touch weight bearing for 6 weeksweek 7-12 closed chair exercisesJogging at 6 monthsSports at 1 year,Autologous Chondrocyte ImplantationUS Clinical Experience,121 patients 6 month follow-up42 patients 12 month follow-up85% improved overall condition80% improved pain scores at 12 months,
25、Autologous Chondrocyte ImplantationSwedish Results NESM 1994,23 patients 14-48Defects 1.6 - 6.5cm14/16 Good excellent results with 2 year follow-upBiopsy has appearance of hyaline cartilage,Autologous Chondrocyte ImplantationSwedish Results 1997,100 patients 2-9 year follow-up90% improvement with fe
26、moral condyle lesions74% with femoral condyle and ACL reconstruction58% for trochlear lesions75% for multiple defects,LIMITATIONS OF ACI,Little proof that $10,000 worth of cells do anythingCartilage that regrows is not normal Ideal patient is rareYoung, isolated lesion, no meniscal tear or instabili
27、tyDifficult to justify procedure,Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation,Joint resurfacing with fresh or fresh frozen cadeveric tissue,Allograft Procedure,Open procedureExpose the degenerative lesionRemove the defective articular cartilage and a “thin” bony baseUtilize allograft tissue to replace an
28、d restore the articular surface,Allograft Advantages,Replaces articular hyaline cartilage with hyaline cartilageSingle procedure,Allograft Disadvantages,CostRisk of disease transmission from fresh allograft tissue,Allograft Results,What to do?,Treatment Recommendations,Low demand patientsSmall focal
29、 lesion (2cm)Arthroscopic chondroplasty50% relief up to 5 yearsAutograft Osteochondral or chondrocyte if failed chondroplasty,Treatment Recommendations,High demand patientSmall focal lesion (2cm) Debridement or microfracture with chondrocyte harvestIf persistent pain - osteochondral or chondrocyte t
30、ransplant,Treatment Recommendations,High demand patientsLarge lesion (2cm.)Chondrocyte transplant 1st line treatment yields 90% success,Long HistoryNo Acute SymptomsVarus KneeMarked DJD,Arthroscopic ResultsUnpredictableLittle Improvement,Conclusions,Articular cartilage does not repair itselfNumerous
31、 treatments with varying resultsMost treatments fail in the long term due to articular cartilages inability to produce hyaline cartilage,Conclusions,Osteochondral auto grafts and chondrocyte transplants show promising resultsOsteochondral auto grafts allow transplantation of bone capped with hyaline
32、 cartilageAutologous chondrocyte implantation allows near normal hyaline cartilage growth into defects,Meniscal Allograft Indications,Patient age - young - 20-40Previous meniscectomyPainful compartmentMinimal Arthritic ChangesCorrect alignmentStable knee,Sterilization,Viral contamination risk 1:1.6 million to 1:1.2 billionRadiation 2.5 mrads destroys collagen 2 yr. follow-up11 (16%) failures70% of patients had subjective improvements with pain,Cryo-Life 5 Year Results,Lateral (10)5 (5%) intact4 (40%) partial meniscectomy1 (10%) total meniscectomy,
