1、第二章 产品成本计算Exercises21（ 指教材上的第2章练习第1题，下同）1. Part #72A Part #172CSteel* $ 12.00 $ 18.00Setup cost* 6.00 6.00Total $ 18.00 $ 24.00*($1.00 12; $1.00 18)*($60,000/10,000)Steel cost is assigned by calculating a cost per ounce and then multiplying this by the ounces used by each part:Cost per ounce = $3,00
2、0,000/3,000,000 ounces= $1.00 per ounceSetup cost is assigned by calculating the cost per setup and then dividing this by the number of units in each batch (there are 20 setups per year):Cost per setup = $1,200,000/20= $60,0002. The cost of steel is assigned through the driver tracing using the numb
3、er of ounces of steel, and the cost of the setups is assigned through driver tracing also using number of setups as the driver.3. The assumption underlying number of setups as the driver is that each part uses an equal amount of setup time. Since Part #72A uses double the setup time of Part #172C, i
4、t makes sense to assign setup costs based on setup time instead of number of setups. This illustrates the importance of identifying drivers that reflect the true underlying consumption pattern. Using setup hours (40 10) + (20 10), we get the following rate per hour:Cost per setup hour = $1,200,000/6
5、00= $2,000 per hourThe cost per unit is obtained by dividing each parts total setup costs by the number of units:Part #72A = ($2,000 400)/100,000 = $8.00Part #172C = ($2,000 200)/100,000 = $4.00Thus, Part #72A has its unit cost increased by $2.00, while Part #172C has its unit cost decreased by $2.0
6、0.problems251. Nursing hours required per year: 4 24 hours 364 days* = 34,944*Note: 364 days = 7 days 52 weeksNumber of nurses = 34,944 hrs./2,000 hrs. per nurse = 17.472Annual nursing cost = (17 $45,000) + $22,500= $787,500Cost per patient day = $787,500/10,000 days= $78.75 per day (for either type
7、 of patient)2. Nursing hours act as the driver. If intensive care uses half of the hours and normal care the other half, then 50 percent of the cost is assigned to each patient category. Thus, the cost per patient day by patient category is as follows:Intensive care = $393,750*/2,000 days= $196.88 p
8、er dayNormal care = $393,750/8,000 days= $49.22 per day*$525,000/2 = $262,500The cost assignment reflects the actual usage of the nursing resource and, thus, should be more accurate. Patient days would be accurate only if intensive care patients used the same nursing hours per day as normal care pat
9、ients.3. The salary of the nurse assigned only to intensive care is a directly traceable cost. To assign the other nursing costs, the hours of additional usage would need to be measured. Thus, both direct tracing and driver tracing would be used to assign nursing costs for this new setting.261. Bell
10、a Obra CompanyStatement of Cost of Services SoldFor the Year Ended June 30, 2006Direct materials:. Beginning inventory . $ 300,000. Add: Purchases 600,000. Materials available $ 900,000. Less: Ending inventory . 450,000*Direct materials used. $ 450,000Direct labor . 12,000,000Overhead. 1,500,000Tota
11、l service costs added . $ 13,950,000Add: Beginning work in process . 900,000Total production costs . $ 14,850,000Less: Ending work in process . 1,500,000Cost of services sold. $ 13,350,000*Materials available less materials used2. The dominant cost is direct labor (presumably the salaries of the 100
12、 professionals). Although labor is the major cost of providing many services, it is not always the case. For example, the dominant cost for some medical services may be overhead (e.g., CAT scans). In some services, the dominant cost may be materials (e.g., funeral services).3. Bella Obra CompanyInco
13、me StatementFor the Year Ended June 30, 2006Sales. $ 21,000,000Cost of services sold. 13,350,000Gross margin. $ 7,650,000Less operating expenses:. Selling expenses $ 900,000. Administrative expenses.750,000.1,650,000Income before income taxes. $ 6,000,0004. Services have four attributes that are not
14、 possessed by tangible products: (1) intangibility, (2) perishability, (3) inseparability, and (4) heterogeneity. Intangibility means that the buyers of services cannot see, feel, hear, or taste a service before it is bought. Perishability means that services cannot be stored. This property affects
15、the computation in Requirement 1. Inability to store services means that there will never be any finished goods inventories, thus making the cost of services produced equivalent to cost of services sold. Inseparability simply means that providers and buyers of services must be in direct contact for
16、an exchange to take place. Heterogeneity refers to the greater chance for variation in the performance of services than in the production of tangible products.271. Direct materials:Magazine (5,000 $0.40) $ 2,000Brochure (10,000 $0.08) 800 $ 2,800Direct labor:Magazine (5,000/20) $10 $ 2,500Brochure (
17、10,000/100) $10 1,000 3,500Manufacturing overhead:Rent $ 1,400Depreciation ($40,000/20,000) 350* 700Setups 600Insurance 140Power 350 3,190Cost of goods manufactured $ 9,490*Production is 20 units per printing hour for magazines and 100 units per printing hour for brochures, yielding monthly machine
18、hours of 350 (5,000/20) + (10,000/100). This is also monthly labor hours, as machine labor only operates the presses.2. Direct materials $ 2,800Direct labor 3,500Total prime costs $ 6,300Magazine:Direct materials $ 2,000Direct labor 2,500Total prime costs $ 4,500Brochure:Direct materials $ 800Direct
19、 labor 1,000Total prime costs $ 1,800Direct tracing was used to assign prime costs to the two products.3. Total monthly conversion cost:Direct labor $ 3,500Overhead 3,190Total $ 6,690Magazine:Direct labor $ 2,500Overhead:Power ($1 250) $ 250Depreciation ($2 250) 500Setups (2/3 $600) 400Rent and insu
20、rance ($4.40 250 DLH)* 1,100 2,250Total $ 4,750Brochure:Direct labor $ 1,000Overhead:Power ($1 100) $ 100Depreciation ($2 100) 200Setups (1/3 $600) 200Rent and insurance ($4.40 100 DLH)* 440 940Total $ 1,940*Rent and insurance cannot be traced to each product so the costs are assigned using direct l
21、abor hours: $1,540/350 DLH = $4.40 per direct labor hour. The other overhead costs are traced according to their usage. Depreciation and power are assigned by using machine hours (250 for magazines and 100 for brochures): $350/350 = $1.00 per machine hour for power and $40,000/20,000 = $2.00 per mac
22、hine hour for depreciation. Setups are assigned according to the time required. Since magazines use twice as much time, they receive twice the cost: Letting X = the proportion of setup time used for brochures, 2X + X = 1 implies a cost assignment ratio of 2/3 for magazines and 1/3 for brochures.Exer
23、cises311. Resource Total Cost Unit CostPlastic1 $10,800 $0.027Direct labor andvariable overhead2 8,000 0.020Mold sets3 20,000 0.050Other facility costs4 10,000 0.025Total $48,800 $0.12210.90 $0.03 400,000 = $10,800; $10,800/400,000 = $0.0272$0.02 400,000 = $8,000; $8,000/400,000 = $0.023$5,000 4 qua
24、rters = $20,000; $20,000/400,000 = $0.054$10,000; $10,000/400,000 = $0.0252. Plastic, direct labor, and variable overhead are flexible resources; molds and other facility costs are committed resources. The cost of plastic, direct labor, and variable overhead are strictly variable. The cost of the mo
25、lds is fixed for the particular action figure being produced; it is a step cost for the production of action figures in general. Other facility costs are strictly fixed.33High (1,400, $7,950); Low (700, $5,150)V = ($7,950 $5,150)/(1,400 700)= $2,800/700 = $4 per oil changeF = $5,150 $4(700)= $5,150
26、$2,800 = $2,350Cost = $2,350 + $4 (oil changes)Predicted cost for January = $2,350 + $4(1,000) = $6,350problems361. High (1,700, $21,000); Low (700, $15,000)V = (Y2 Y1)/(X2 X1)= ($21,000 $15,000)/(1,700 700) = $6 per receiving orderF = Y2 VX2= $21,000 ($6)(1,700) = $10,800Y = $10,800 + $6X2. Output
27、of spreadsheet regression routine with number of receiving orders as the independent variable:Constant 4512.98701298698Std. Err. of Y Est. 3456.24317476605R Squared 0.633710482694768No. of Observations10Degrees of Freedom8X Coefficient(s) 13.3766233766234Std. Err. of Coef. 3.59557461331427V = $13.38
28、 per receiving order (rounded)F = $4,513 (rounded)Y = $4,513 + $13.38XR2 = 0.634, or 63.4%Receiving orders explain about 63.4 percent of the variability in receiving cost, providing evidence that Tracys choice of a cost driver is reasonable. However, other drivers may need to be considered because 6
29、3.4 percent may not be strong enough to justify the use of only receiving orders.3. Regression with pounds of material as the independent variable:Constant 5632.28109733183Std. Err. of Y Est. 2390.10628259277R Squared 0.824833789433823No. of Observations10Degrees of Freedom8X Coefficient(s) 0.044964
30、2991356633Std. Err. of Coef. 0.0073259640055344V = $0.045 per pound of material delivered (rounded)F = $5,632 (rounded)Y = $5,632 + $0.045XR2 = 0.825, or 82.5%Pounds of material delivered explains about 82.5 percent of the variability in receiving cost. This is a better result than that of the recei
31、ving orders and should convince Tracy to try multiple regression.4. Regression routine with pounds of material and number of receiving orders as the independent variables:Constant 752.104072925631Std. Err. of Y Est. 1350.46286973443R Squared 0.951068418023306No. of Observations10Degrees of Freedom7X
32、 Coefficient(s) 0.0333883151096915 7.14702865269395Std. Err. of Coef. 0.00495524841198368 1.68182916088492V1 = $0.033 per pound of material delivered (rounded)V2 = $7.147 per receiving order (rounded)F = $752 (rounded)Y = $752 + $0.033a + $7.147bR2 = 0.95, or 95%Multiple regression with both variabl
33、es explains 95 percent of the variability in receiving cost. This is the best result.521. Job #57 Job #58 Job #59Balance, 7/1 $22,450 $ 0 $ 0Direct materials 12,900 9,900 35,350Direct labor 20,000 6,500 13,000Applied overhead:Power 750 600 3,600Material handling 1,500 300 6,000Purchasing 250 1,000 2
34、50Total cost $57,850 $18,300 $58,2002. Ending balance in Work in Process = Job #58 = $18,3003. Ending balance in Finished Goods = Job #59 = $58,2004. Cost of Goods Sold = Job #57 = $57,850problems531. Overhead rate = $180/$900 = 0.20 or 20% of direct labor dollars.(This rate was calculated using inf
35、ormation from the Ladan job; however, the Myron and Coe jobs would give the same answer.)2. Ladan Myron Coe Walker WillisBeginning WIP $ 1,730 $1,180 $2,500 $ 0 $ 0Direct materials 400 150 260 800 760Direct labor 800 900 650 350 900Applied overhead 160 180 130 70 180Total $ 3,090 $2,410 $3,540 $ 1,2
36、20 $ 1,840Note: This is just one way of setting up the job-order cost sheets. You might prefer to keep the detail on the materials, labor, and overhead in beginning inventory costs.3. Since the Ladan and Myron jobs were completed, the others must still be in process. Therefore, the ending balance in
37、 Work in Process is the sum of the costs of the Coe, Walker, and Willis jobs.Coe $3,540Walker 1,220Willis 1,840Ending Work in Process $6,600Cost of Goods Sold = Ladan job + Myron job = $3,090 + $2,410 = $5,5004. Naman CompanyIncome StatementFor the Month Ended June 30, 20XXSales (1.5 $5,500) . $8,25
38、0Cost of goods sold . 5,500Gross margin . $2,750Marketing and administrative expenses. 1,200Operating income . $1,5505201. Overhead rate = $470,000/50,000 = $9.40 per MHr2. Department A: $250,000/40,000 = $6.25 per MHrDepartment B: $220,000/10,000 = $22.00 per MHr3. Job #73 Job #74Plantwide:70 $9.40
39、 = $658 70 $9.40 = $658Departmental:20 $6.25 $ 125.00 50 $6.25 $312.5050 $22 1,100.00 20 $22 440.00$1,225.00 $752.50Department B appears to be more overhead intensive, so jobs spending more time in Department B ought to receive more overhead. Thus, departmental rates provide more accuracy.4. Plantwide rate: $250,000/40,000 = $6.25Department B: $62,500/10,000 = $6.25Job #73 Job #74Plantwide:70 $6.25 = $437.50 70 $6.25 = $437.50
