1、1剑 6Test1 阅读 Passage1 真题及解析READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.AUSTRALIAS SPORTING SUCCESSA They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishin
2、g rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body,
3、 the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sport
4、s scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one - such as building muscle strength in golfers - to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicia
5、ns who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. We cant waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that dont help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance, says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.C A lot of their work comes
6、down to measurement - everything from the exact angle of a swimmers dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre
7、there. No gain is too slight to bother with. Its the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through t
8、he water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Masons contribution t
9、o sport also includes the development of the SWAN (SWimming ANalysis)system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmers performance into factors that can be analysed individually - stroke
10、length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmerD Take a look, says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which sho
11、ws that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy, says Mason. If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists researc
12、h is bringing to a range of sports.2With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing 现在进行时态 unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athletes clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might hav
13、e an impact on an athletes ability to run. Theres more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AlS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test t
14、hat measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in
15、all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.（对于此项科技成果的受益者文章中只提到 AIS 运动员，即澳大利亚体育学院的运动员，隶属于澳大利亚，所以应该选择 A）E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a competition model, based on what they ex
16、pect will be the winning times. You design the model to make that time, says Mason. A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times. All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit t
17、hose targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the worlds most successful sporting nation.F Of course, theres nothing to stop other countries copying-and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jacke
18、ts for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists and rowers times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the altitude tent, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australias success
19、story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB
20、 You may use any letter more than once.1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity(a reason for narrowing/cant waste time research activity scientific qu
21、estions)4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced 复制5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated （Obstacle, investigated/ impact, monitor ）6 an overview of the funded support of athletes (Overview, funded support/finance)7 how performance requirements are calculated before an event3(Ca
22、lculated before an event/using data，well before a championship 锦标赛)Questions 8-11Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states theyA are currently exclusively used by AustraliansB will be used in the future by AustraliansC are currently used by both Australians and their r
23、ivalsWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.8 cameras9 sensors10 protein tests11 altitude tentsQuestions 12 and 13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your
24、 answer sheet.12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?(help an athlete plan, produced / prepare the athlete by, developing)13 By how much did some cyclists performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?READING PASSAGE 1 真题解析：篇章结构体裁 说明文主题 澳大利亚的体育成就结构 A 段：澳大利亚体育成绩斐然 B
25、 段：科技是第一生产力C 段：精确测量和数据分析 D 段：精确测量和数据分析的实例E 段：数据的实际应用 F 段：不可复制的成功必背词汇A 段fair adj.合理的 pro n.职业运动员demolish v.击败；破坏，毁坏 under the eye of 在的注意下rival n.竞争者，对手 body n.团体，机构seeming adj.表面上的(通常事实并非如此 ) finance v.给提供经费ease n.不费力，轻松 excellence n.优秀，卓越extensive adj.广泛的，涉及面广的 intensive adj.强化的underpin v.以 为稳固基础 n
26、utritional adj.营养的B 段centre stage 中心地位 squash n.壁球collaborate v.合作 instrument n.仪器，器械golfer n.打高尔夫球的人 ethereal adj.飘渺的，引申为不切实际的4C 段come down to(sth.)可归结为 wire-frame adj.线框的second-by-second 每秒的 slice v.划开；切开output n.输出 slow motion 慢动作wringout of 原义为扭，榨取，此处引申为从 中( 经过努力 )获得 side-on 从侧面stroke n.划动，划水twe
27、ak v.扭，用力拉 spine n.脊柱world-beating adj.举世瞩目的 swivel v.旋转prototype n.原型 biomechanical adj.生物力( 学)的profile n.原义为轮廓、外形，此处意为模型 velocity n.速度，速率lap n.一圈budding adj.发展中的 spit out 原义是吐出，此处引申为显示出、分析出frame n.帧，画面D 段turn time 转身时间 immunoglobulin n.免疫球蛋白unobtrusive adj.不显眼的，不醒目的 present adj.存在的sensor n.传感器 sal
28、iva n.唾液embed v.使插入；使嵌入 ease v.减轻，减弱sweat v.出汗，发汗 remarkably adv.显著地，引人注目地；非常地experimentation n.实验，试验 immune-system 免疫系统的E 段complex adj.复杂的 transform v.转换，转变，改变championship n.冠军赛 arguably adv.可论证地(可辩论地) ，有理由说地gear v.调整，( 使 )适合 segment n.部分F 段unveil v.展示(新产品 )；揭开 altitude tent 高原帐篷coolant-lined 流线型散热
29、 replicate v.复制endurance n.耐力；忍耐力 encompass v.包含或包括某事物slice v.减少，降低澳大利亚的体育成就A 他们努力竞争，他们积极参与，他们参加比赛完全为了取胜。澳大利亚体育劲旅轻松击败对手，取得辉煌战绩。他们何以做到这一点?成功的秘密在于一个由体育学院和科研机构组成的网络，该网络以科学与医学为基础，涉及面广且耗资巨大。在澳大利亚体育学院(AIS)里，数百名青年选手与职业运动员在教练的指导下共同生活和训练。另一家机构 澳大利亚体育运动委员会(ASC)，则为总计 96 项体育运动中项目的数千名表现突出的男女运动员提供资助。上述两家机构均提供强化训练
30、、训练设备和营养咨询服务。B 科学在体育科研机构中的地位举足轻重。AIS 不仅雇用了上百名在体育方面深有研究的科学家和医生，还与大学及研究中心的几十名专家学者致力合作。AIS 的科学家们同时研究多个体育项目，并将一个项目中的研究成果跨界应用，例如将增强高尔夫球运动员肌肉力量的训练方法应用于游泳和壁球中。科学家们也得到了那些设计专用仪器来收集运动员5资料的技术人员们的强大支持。他们都只关注一个目标：胜利。AIS 的科研主管彼得弗里克说：“我们不能在不切实际的科学问题上浪费时间，它们既无法协助教练指导运动员，也无法提高运动员本身的能力。”C 专家们的许多工作都涉及具体测量，测量内容包括从游泳运动员
31、潜水的精确角度到自行车运动员每秒功率输出的所有数据。这些资料将有助于运动员发挥最大的潜力来提高运动能力。工作核心是以人为本，其目的在于促使运动员发挥最大潜力来提高哪怕是百分之一秒的速度或者是一毫米的成绩。无论多么微小的收获都值得为之努力。正是这些跬步的积累，才使得澳大利亚取得举世瞩目的体育成就。为了说明系统运作的原理，AIS 的科学家布鲁斯梅森展示了为研究游泳运动员而设计的三维分析工具模型。只见一个游泳冠军获得者的线框模型划开水面，她的双臂以慢动作的形式划动。侧面观察，梅森可以测量每次划动中运动员前进的距离。俯视观察，他可以分析这位运动员的脊柱是怎样转动的。该系统设计完成后，他将能够为教练们建
32、立生物力学的模型，协助培养游泳运动员。梅森对体育事业的贡献还包括游泳运动分析系统(SWAN)的开发，该系统现在正广泛应用于澳大利亚各项全国赛事之中。系统采用摄影频率为 50 格/秒的数码相机收集影像，然后将游泳运动员的每个动作都分解成可分析的因素，例如划距、划频、每个划水动作的平均持续时间、速率、出发时间、往返时间和结束时间等等。每次比赛结束后，SWAN 都会给出每名运动员的数据资料。D “请看，”梅森一边说一边抽出一张数据资料分析表。他指出获得第二名和第三名运动员的资料，数据证明游的最快的人其实是获得第三名的选手。那么，为什么他会以 0.35 秒之差落后呢?梅森解释说：“ 他转身所需的时间比
33、另一名选手长 0.44 秒。如果能够提高转身的技能，他的成绩将会大大提高。”AIS 科学家们的研究将这种精确性带到各种体育项目之中。他们正与位于墨尔本的微技术合作研究中心合作，共同开发可嵌入运动员衣服或跑鞋里的微型传感器，用以监控心律、出汗情况、发热量以及其他一切可能对运动员赛跑能力造成影响的因素。这不仅仅是简单地测评运动员们的表现。弗里克举了一个每年都会因感冒咳嗽而病倒十一二次的运动员的例子来说明了这一点。经过多年试验，AIS 与新南威尔士州的纽卡斯尔大学合作研发出一种测试，以测量运动员唾液中免疫球蛋白 A 的含量。如果免疫球蛋白 A 的含量突然降到某一水平之下，训练就会减弱强度或完全停止。
34、不久，免疫球蛋白 A 水平开始回升，危险也最终消除。自推行该测试以来，AIS 所有体育项目的运动员们都非常成功地保持着良好的健康状态。E 数据资料的分析与应用十分复杂。在锦标赛开始之前，体育科学家和教练们就早早着手训练运动员，为比赛做好准备。基于预期中将能夺冠的速度，他们力图使运动员进入“竞赛模式”。梅森说：“ 人们设计一种模式以达到预期的速度，该模式规定了出发时间的长短、每次划水的速率、一定的划频和划距、转身所需的时间等等。”因此，无论是针对比赛整体还是其每个组成部分，所有的训练都是为了使运动员达到这些目标。诸如此类的先进科技已使澳大利亚成为了一个当之无愧的世界体育强国。F 当然，许多国家都
35、曾尝试着模仿，这是无法避免的。十几年前，AIS 为进行耐力训练的运动员设计出一款流线型散热运动服。在 1996 年举办的亚特兰大奥运会上，该运动服为自行车运动员和划艇选手们减少了 2的比赛时间。现在，所有的选手都在使用这种新型运动服。“高原帐篷” 也是如此，这是 AIS 为了模仿在海平面高度地点的训练效果而设计研发的。然而，澳大利亚的成功故事绝不仅仅是些可以机械复制的技术方案，这也是为何时至今日也没有任何国家能够效仿其包罗万象的训练系统。6剑 6Test1 阅读 Passage2 真题及解析READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes o
36、n Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. DELIVERING THE GOODS The vast expansion in international trade owes much to a revolution in the business of moving freight A International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3%
37、 a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. Foreign products, from meat to machinery, play a more important role in almost every economy in the world, and foreign markets now tempt businesses that never much worried about sales beyond their nations bor
38、ders.B What lies behind this explosion in international commerce? The general worldwide decline in trade barriers, such as customs duties and import quotas, is surely one explanation. The economic opening of countries that have traditionally been minor players is another. But one force behind the im
39、port-export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the rapidly falling cost of getting goods to market. Theoretically, in the world of trade, shipping costs do not matter. Goods, once they have been made, are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to place. The real world, however, is full
40、of frictions. Cheap labour may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, but if delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause winter coats to arrive in spring, trade may lose its advantages.C At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important sectors
41、 almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% in America, Britain and Japan. International commerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and iron ore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel. But these sorts of
42、 products are heavy and bulky and the cost of transporting them relatively high.D 21Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbours. Over time, however, world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight. Today, it is finished manufactured
43、 products that dominate the flow of trade, and, thanks to technological advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have tended to become lighter and less bulky. As a result, less transportation is required for every dollars worth of imports or exports.E 23To see how this
44、influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. 22Most of the worlds disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to ship. Computer manufacturers in Japan or
45、 Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. Distance therefore poses no obstacle to the globalisation of the disk-drive industry.F This is even more true of the fast-growing information industries. Films an
46、d compact discs 7cost little to transport, even by aeroplane. Computer software can be exported without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become insignificant factors in deciding wher
47、e to make the product. Businesses can locate based on other considerations, such as the availability of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.G In many countries deregulation has helped to drive the process along. But, behind the scenes,25 a series of technological in
48、novations known broadly as containerisation and intermodal transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along
49、 the way. The invention of the container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to be transported on any ship. By 1967, dual-purpose ships, carrying loose cargo in the hold* and containers on the deck, were giving way to all-container vessels that moved thousands of boxes at a time.H The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient, intensely competiti
