1、1绪论参考答案(P2728)1、(1)有,SP 3 转变为 SP2(2)有,SP 2 转变为 SP3(3)没有,(4)有,SP 转变为 SP22、(1)饱和脂肪醇 (2)饱和脂肪醚 (3)不饱和脂肪酸 (4)饱和脂环多卤代烃(5)芳香醛 (6)芳香伯胺3、解:12n+n=78 n=6该化合物分子式为 C6H64、解:氢键締合:C 2H5OH C6H5OH C4H9OH C2H5NH2 C6H6(OH)6 C6H11OH C17H35COOH、与水形成氢键: CH3CH2OCH2CH3、CH 3OCH3不能締合也不能与水形成氢键。C 4H9Cl、CH 3CH3、C 17H35COO-Na+ 5、
2、(1) C7H16 C 6H18 (2) C2H5Cl C 2H5Br (3) C6H5-CH2CH3 C 6H5-CHO(4) CH3OCH3 CH 3CH2OH (5) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH(CH3) CH(CH3)CH36、(1) ADCB.(2) E ACBD(3) CADB(4) DBCA(5) CB A(6) ACBD(7) ABC7、(1) CH3CH2OH C 6H5OH (2) C4H9OH C 4H9Cl (3) CH3OCH3 CH 3CH3(4) C17H35COOHC 17H35COO-Na+ (5) C6H6(OH)6 C 6H11OH8
3、、略9、(1) ABCD.(2) ACBD.10、(1) ADCBE(2) CB AD.第二章 饱和脂肪烃习题参考答案(P5253)1、( )2 CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH2C(H3)3( )1 CH3CHCH3仲仲仲仲仲 仲仲 仲仲22,2,5三甲基4乙基己烷 3甲基3,6二乙基辛烷( ) ( )3 CHCH2CHCH3CH3CH3CH3 4 2,4,二甲基戊烷 2甲基3乙基己烷( )( ) CH3CH3H H5 6 CH3CH3HH 反1,4二甲基环己烷 顺1,4二甲基环己烷( ) ( )7 8 CH3HHHHCH3 1甲基二
4、环【2.2.1】庚烷 2甲基丙烷2、 2CH3CHCH2CH2CHCH3( )1 ( )CH3 CH3 CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH3CH2CH3( )3 4( )CH3CH2CHCH3CH3CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3或 5( ) CH3CH3 6( )7( ) 8( )CH33、( )1CH3CH2CH3+Br2 CH3CHCH3 BrHhv +Br2( ) CH3CH3CH3CH3+Cl2hvCH3CH2 ClCH3CH3 +ClH( )3 +BrH CH3CH2CH2Br4( ) +Cl2hv Cl+ClH4、3( ) CH3CH
5、 CHCH3CH3CH31 2( )CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH33 CH3CH2CHCH2CH3( ) CH3 4( ) CH3CH2CH2CHCH3CH35、1( )CH3CH2CH3Br2Cl4Br2Cl4 2( ) CH3CH36、 CH3HHHCH3HHHHCH3HHHCl Cl H ClCH3Hl7、 CH3(CH3)2CH8、 CH3CH3 CH3CH3e ea1( )CH3CH3 CH3CH3e ea2( )9、(1)ee(3)ae(4)ea(2aa) (基团大的在 e 键比在 a 上稳定)10、第三章 不饱和脂肪烃习题参考答案(P858
6、7)Cl.CH4+ CH3. +ClHCl2hv Cl2.CH3.+Cl2 CH3Cl+Cl.Cl.Cl.+ Cl2CH3. CH3.+ CH3CH341、(1)1,3己二烯5炔 (2)4己烯1炔(3) (3E)2,3,4三甲基3己烯 (4) (3Z)3甲基5溴 1,3戊二烯(5)(4E, 6Z) 2,4,6三甲基2,4,6三辛烯(6)4甲基2己炔 2、 CH3C=CH3CH3CH3 C=CCH3CH2CH3 CH(CH3)2CH2CH2CH31( ) 2( )C=CHBr CH3( )3 4( ) C=CCH2=CHH CH2CH3HCH3C=CHH CH3CH2=CCH35( ) 6( )
7、 HC=CCH2=C C=CC=CCH(CH3)2H CH3H CH2=C C=CC=CCH(CH3)2H CH3H7( )C=CHHC=C C=CHH8( )3、共有 15 个异构体,其中有 4 对顺、反异构体,4 个顺式,4 个反式。4、(1)2甲基2丁烯2甲基1丁烯1戊烯,(2)2甲基丙烯丙烯3氯丙烯2氯丙烯(3)乙烯溴乙烯氯乙烯1,2二氯乙烯5、解:在较高温度时,异戊二烯的反应是热力学控制,产物的稳定性起主要作用;而 1苯基1,3丁二烯则以 1,2加成为主,首先是因为生成的中间体碳正离子通过苯环和一个双键形成共轭体系(见式) ,更加有利于碳正离子的分散而稳定。其次,1,4加成与 1,2
8、加成产物比较,1,2加成产物比 1,4加成产物稳定,在 1,2加成产物中苯环与一个双键形成共轭体系而更加稳定;1,4加成产物中苯环与一个双键未形成共轭体系(见式) 。式 式6、略7、 CH3CH2C=CHA: B: C: CH2=CHCH=CH28、前者双键与三键未形成共轭体系,在亲电加成反应中双键比三键活泼;而后者双键与CH=CHCHCH2Br+ BrCH=CHCHCH2BrBr CHCH=CHCH2Br 5三键本身形成共轭体系,亲电加成反应发生在三键上形成的产物仍然是共轭体系,而发生在双键上形成的产物为非共轭体系,从产物的稳定性上比较共轭体系非共轭体系。9、 CH3CH2C=CH1( )
9、+H2Pb/BaSO4 CH3CH2CH=CH2CH3CH2CH3CH2C=CH+H22 Ni CH2CH3( )2 CH3CH2C=CHCH3CH2C=CH+( ) Br2 BrBr3CH3CH2C=CHCH3CH2C=CH+ClH ClH4( )CH3CH2C=CH+( ) BrH2 CH3CH2CH3BrBr5Cu(NH3)2ClCH3CH2C=CH( ) CH3CH2C=Cu6CH3CH2C=CH( ) +OH2 Hg+H+ CH3CH2CH3O7CH3CH2C=CH( ) Ag(NH3)2OHCH3CH2C=CAg8CH3CH2C=CH( ) CH3CH2C=CNaNH2 Na910
10、CH3CH2C=CNa C2H5Br+ CH3CH2C=CH2CH3( )CH3CH2C=CH( ) O3 OH2 CH3CH2COHHCOH+112CH3CH2C=CH( ) KMnO4OH2 CH3CH2COHHCOH+10、Br2Cl4 CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH=CH21( ) CH3CH2C=CH Ag(NH3)2+( ) CH3CH2C=CHCH2=CHCH=CH22 Ag(NH3)2+ CH3CH2C=CHCH2=CHCH=CH2 OOO11、1( ) CH3CH2 C=CH2CH3 +ClH CH3CH2CH3CH3ClCH3CH2 C=CH2CH3 +2( )
11、H2SO4 OH2 CH3CH2CH3CH3OH6( )3 CH3+HI CH3I4( ) Cl3CH=CH2+BrH Cl3CH2CH2Br5( ) CH3CH2CH=CH2 HOCl+ CH3CH2CHCH2ClOH6( ) CH3C=CH3+H2Pb/BaSO4 C=CCH3CH3H H7( ) HC=CH2CH=CH2+BrH HC=CH2CHCH3Br8( ) + OOO OOO12、 CH3C=CH1( ) NaNH2 CH3C=CNaCH3CH2CH2Br CH3C=CCH2CH2CH3Pb/BaSO4CH3CH=CHCH2CH2CH32 CH3CH3CH2C=CH2KMnO4H
12、+ C=OCH3CH3CH2 HC=CNaCH3CH2C=CHCH3ONa OH2 CH3CH2C=CHCH3OH( )由 2甲基2丁烯合成产物,首先把 2甲基2丁烯转换为 2甲基1丁烯CH3 H2CH3C=CHCH3Br2hvCH3CH=CH2BrCH3 Ni CH3CH2CHCH2BrCH3 NaOHOH2CH3CH2CHCH2OHCH3 Al2O3CH3CH2C=CH2CH313、14、CH3CH2CHCH2C=CH CH3CH2CH2CHC=CHCH3 CH3 (CH3)2CHCHC=CHCH3第四章 芳香烃习题答案(P113116)1、72SO3HH2N CH3Cl NO2NO2(
13、) SO3HCH3NO2( )NO2 Cl 4NO2NO2 ( )6 SO3H( )13( )( )52、(1) 邻溴苯磺酸 (2)正丁基苯(3) 2溴4羟基苯甲酸 (4)4甲基苯乙炔(5) (E,E)2甲基1,4二苯基1,3丁二烯 (6) 环戊基苯 3、 CH3 CH3NO2 + CH3NO2(CH3)3C CH2CH3 (CH3)3C COHCH(CH3)2CH(CH3)2 C(H3)2ClC=OCH3CH2CH3 +CHOCH2CH2CH2COCl( )1( )2( )3( )4( )5( )6( )7( )8H2SO4HNO3KMnO4H+/+CH3CH2CH2Cl AlCl3+Cl2
14、hv+(CH3CO)2OAlCl3+Cl2FeCl3Cl CH2CH3 CH2CH3Cl+CH3COClAlCl3 CHOC=OCH3AlCl3 O4、(1) (A)错误。在烷基化反应中,烷基的长度超过 3 个碳原子时发生异构化,产物为异丙基苯。 (B)错误。在光照的条件下反应为自由基取代反应,自由基的稳定性为叔仲伯,当自由基与苯环产生 P 共轭时更稳定。(2) (A)错误。苯环上有强的吸电基团时不能发生烷基化反应。 (B)错误。苯环上含有 氢原子的烷基氧化时无论侧链多长,产物都是苯甲酸。(3) (A)错误。苯环上有强的吸电基团时不能发生酰基化反应。 (B)错误。该反应条件为亲电取代反应而不是
15、自由基取代反应,应在苯环上取代。5解:环己三烯的燃烧热为:226.4*6+206.3*3+491.2*3=3450.9,而苯的燃烧热为 3301.6 KJ.mol1 ,二者相差 149.3 KJ.mol1 说明苯比环己三烯更加稳定。86、解:由于苯的结构为一个闭合的大 键共轭体系,大 键的电子充分离域,离域能大,体系的势能低而更稳定。7、 CH2CH2CH3 CH(CH3)2CH3 CH3 CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3 CH3CH3CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3CH3( )B( )CA( ) 8、 CH3( )1 CH3CH2CH2ClAlCl3 CH3 CH3CH(CH3)
16、2 CH(CH3)2+( )2 CH3HNO3CH3KMnO4H+COHCOH( )3 CH3( ) Cl2FeCl3 CH3 CH3+Cl Cl4 CH3( ) CH3 CH3+HNO3H2SO4 NO2 NO25 CH3( ) Cl26 hv CH2Cl9、 COH( )( ) OH CH2CH3 COH NH2 NHCH2CH3 NO21210、( )COHCOHCOHNO2NO2 ClOCH3OHCH3SO3HBrNHCOCH3( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )1 2 34 5 611、( ) KMnO4H+ HNO3H2SO4 192( ) KMnO4H+ CH3Ag(NH3)2+
17、CH2CH3( ) C=CHCH=CH2Br2 OH2312、A: B:13、 Cl2FeCl3 HNO3H2SO4 ClNO2ClHNO3H2SO4 NO2Cl2FeCl3 Cl NO2CH3ClAlCl3 CH3HNO3H2SO4 CH3 +NO2 CH3NO2KMnO4 CH3COHCHCH3ClAlCl3CH3KMnO4 COHHNO3H2SO4 NO2CH3COClAlCl3 COCH3FeCl3Br2 COCH3BrCH3ClAlCl3 CH3FeCl3Br2 CH3Br+CH3BrKMnO4BrCOHHNO3H2SO4COHBr NO2( )( )( )( )( )( )1234
18、5614、O=O=O+ 10第五章 旋光异构习题参考答案(129131)1、解:52.5=3.41*CC=3.41*52.5=0.07(g/mL)2、解:不一定,因为不知道测试的温度和光源的波长;应该在温度 20,波长为 589nm 的钠光源的条件下进行测定。3、解:1戊醇 无;2戊醇 有;3戊醇 无; 苹果酸 有; 柠檬酸 有;CH3C3H7 HOHOHCH3C3H7H2 OHCH2COH COHCH2COHHOCH2COHCH2COHHOCCOHOHHCH2COHCOHHCH2COHHO4、HOCH3HHHCCOHCH3CH3HHHCCCH3CH3HHHCCOHCH3CH3HHHCCCH3HORS RSClClCH3 CH3CH3CH3 CH3CH3 CH3CH3 S SSR RR