1、- 1 -2013 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At fi
2、rst glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. 4 , he theoris
3、ed that a judge 5 of apperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should
4、 not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 。He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into co
5、nsideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her。Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily
6、series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been
7、 20 。1. A grants Bsubmits Ctransmits Ddelivers 2. A minor Bobjective Ccrucial D external3. A issue Bvision Cpicture Dexternal 4. A For example B On average CIn principle DAbove all 5. A fond B fearful Ccapable D thoughtless6. A in B on C to D for7. A if B until C though D unless- 2 -8. A promote B e
8、mphasize C share Dsuccess9. A decision B quality C status D success10. A chosen B studied C found D identified11. A exceptional B defensible C replaceable D otherwise12. A inspired B expressed C conducted D secured13. A assigned B rated C matched D arranged14. A put B got C gave D took15. A instead
9、B then C ever D rather16. A selected B passed C marked D introduced17. A before B after C above D below18. A jump B float C drop D fluctuate19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A promising B possible C necessary D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following f
10、our texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect
11、 her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment。This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odd
12、s with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed - 3 -mass-market labels such as Zara ,H her example cant be knocked off。Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts
13、 to curb their impact on labor and the environment including H people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to。21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill。B insensitivity to fashion。C obsession with high fashion。D lack of imagination。22. Accordi
14、ng to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste。B shut out the feverish fashion world。- 4 -C resist the influence of advertisements。D shop for their garments more frequently。23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation。B enthusiasm。C indi
15、fference。D tolerance。24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists。B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability。C People are more interested in unaffordable garments。D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing。25. W
16、hat is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle。B Challenge to a high-fashion myth。C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry。D Exposure of a mass-market secret。Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In t
17、he internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained in
18、formation: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?- 5 -In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track “(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwer
19、tisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT ;Googles Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests。On May 31st Micr
20、osoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whet
21、her someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still
22、working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Googles on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft
23、s chief privacy officer, bloggde:“we believe consumers should have more control.“ Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide
24、better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:A online advertisersB e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisD internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA many cut the number of junk ads- 6 -B fails to affect the ad industryC will no
25、t benefit consumersD goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The authors
26、attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgenceB understandingC appreciactionD skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might
27、even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to。But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we hav
28、e an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see “100,000 AD: Living in the deep future”). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCNs “Red List“ of threatened species, and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, cur
29、rently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.“So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created
30、 a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship - 7 -project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence。Then there are scientis
31、ts who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should recognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanitys impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time。Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to thin
32、k about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats
33、one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future。But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping
34、the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves。This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our sp
35、ecies may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confro
36、nt us today, and to make a future worth living in。31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for ares of fulfillmentB our faith in science and techedC our awareness of potential risksD our bdief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings onA a sustained
37、speciesB the words deminant powerC a threat to the environmentD a misplaced race- 8 -33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies。B Technology offers solutions to social problem。C The interest in science fiction is on the rise。D Our
38、 Immediate future is hard to conceive。34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial toA explore our planets abundant resources。B adopt an optimistic view of the world。C draw on our experience from the past。D curb our ambition to reshape history。35. Which of the following would be the best title
39、 for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind。D Science, Technology and Humanity。Text 4Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Admin
40、istration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states。In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Ari
41、zonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion
42、state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones。- 9 -Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the
43、 field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federals privileged powers。However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.Thats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcemen
44、t and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues。Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major o
45、bjection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts。The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive p
46、ower”.The White House argued that Arizonas laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with 。Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essenc
