1、 1 / 122015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. Th
2、at is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used
3、in both 5 . While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”The study 9 found that the genes for smell were some
4、thing shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically s
5、imilar friends 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major
6、 17 factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. T
7、he team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1. A what B why C how D when2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised3. A for B with C by D on4. A separated B sought C compared D connected5. A tests B objects C samples D examples6. A insignificant B unexpected C unreliable D inc
8、redible7. A visit B miss C know D seek8. A surpass B influence C favor D resemble9. A again B also C instead D thus10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps11. A about B to C from D like12. A limit B observe C confuse D drive2 / 1213. A according to B rather than C regardless of D along wit
9、h14. A chances B responses C benefits D missions15. A faster B slower C later D earlier16. A forecast B remember C express D understand17. A unpredictable B contributory C controllable D disruptive18. A tendency B decision C arrangement D endeavor19. A political B religious C ethnic D economic20. A
10、see B show C prove D tellSection Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions： Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings dont abdicate, they die in their
11、 sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, wit
12、h their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It
13、is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in
14、 the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very historyand sometimes the
15、 way they behave todayembodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart
16、of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness mak
17、es it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ord
18、inary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive 3 / 12taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a serviceas non-controversial and non-politic
19、al heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain _.A used to enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC eased his relatio
20、nship with his rivalsD ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly _.A owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voters more public figures to look up toD due to their everlasting politica
21、l embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B The role of the nobility in modern democracies.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British
22、royals “have most to fear” because Charles _.A takes a tough line on political issuesB fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC takes republicans as his potential alliesD fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace C
23、ombinedB Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsD Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phon
24、e without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, th
25、e state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, l
26、awyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phonea vast storehouse of digital informationis similar to, say, rifling through a 4 / 12suspects purse. The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they
27、go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of
28、“cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain
29、private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could st
30、ill invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitle
31、d to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the
32、 establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, duri
33、ng an arrest, it is legitimate to_.A prevent suspects from deleting their phone contentsB search for suspects mobile phones without a warrantC check suspects phone contents without being authorizedDprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument i
34、s one of_.A disapprovalB indifferenceC toleranceDcautiousness28. The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable to_.A getting into ones residenceB handling ones historical recordsC scanning ones correspondencesD going through ones wallet29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author sho
35、ws his concern that_.A principles are hard to be clearly expressedB the court is giving police less room for actionC citizens privacy is not effectively protectedD phones are used to store sensitive information30. Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that_. 5 / 12A the Constitution should be
36、implemented flexiblyB new technology requires reinterpretation of the ConstitutionCCalifornias argument violates principles of the ConstitutionDprinciples of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, e
37、ditor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions publishe
38、d in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing
39、Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the applic
40、ation of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “p
41、lay primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishin
42、g places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I th
43、ink that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical r
44、eview.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging
45、 reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the papers that need scrutiny in the first place”.31. I
46、t can be learned from Paragraph 1 that _.A Science intends to simplify its peer-review processB journals are strengthening their statistical checks6 / 12C few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysisD lack of data analysis is common in research projects32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2)
47、is the closest in meaning to_.A foundB markedC revisedD stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may _. A pose a threat to all its peersB meet with strong oppositionC increase Sciences circulationD set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now _. A adds to researchers workloadB diminishes the role of reviewersC has room for further improvementD is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Paper
