1、阅读理解（主旨大意题） 12018 届高三英语 阅读理解专题之 主旨大意文章主旨和段落大意题常见的设题方式题干中常含有 main idea, mainly about, sum up, summarize 等词。此类题的设题形式有：1. The main idea of the passage is that _.2. What is the passage mainly about?3. Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage? 4. Which of the following can summarize
2、the main idea of the passage?5. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?6. The authors main purpose in writing this passage is to _.7. The first paragraph is mainly about _.8. What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?9. What does the author mostly want to tel
3、l us in the last paragraph?【概括文章标题常见的设题方式】题干中常有 title, headline, be entitled 等字眼。此类题的设题方式有：1. The best title for the passage might be _.2. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?3. Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?【主旨大意题解题策略】阅读时，文章的开头、结
4、尾（或段落的段首、段尾）特别重要，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。有时候，文章（或段落）中没有明确的主题句，则需要我们根据所提供的信息归纳出文章（或段落）的主旨大意。同时要注意提炼文章的关键词。此外，标题类题目还要追求语言的生动和趣味性。【主旨大意题应考技巧】技巧 1：速读头尾，明确主题 技巧 2：定位中心句技巧 3：无明显主题句时找高频词 技巧 4：同义概括，或取其一【技巧 1：速读头尾，明确主题】大多数文章的主旨可能出现在开头或结尾，于是头尾显得很重要。因此，做主旨大意题时，我们可以先浏览一下头尾，试图抓住大意。Passage 1Bad news sells. If it bleeds,
5、it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is 阅读理解（主旨大意题） 2being spread and monitored (监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and
6、online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The if it bleeds rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a
7、 story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication-e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations-found that it tended to be more positive than negative (消极的), but that did
8、nt necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Tim
9、es website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this posit
10、ive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused (激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive
11、 an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.” 【语篇解读】 本文为议论文。俗话说，好事不出门，坏事传千里。但是研究者们通过跟踪和监控人们的电子邮件、网络帖子及评论、面对面会话等发现，人与人之间更多分享的是那些给人们带来积极情绪的好消息，而不是导致消极情绪的坏消息。What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad Stories Travel Fa
12、r and Wide B. Online News Attracts More PeopleC. Reading Habits Change with the Times D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks【技巧 2：定位中心句】主题句的位置往往由文章体裁所决定。议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总分总”的模式，第一段提出论点，然后是论据部分，最后一段得出结论（论点的重申） ，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。而新闻报道却是报道一个人物事迹或重大事件等，主题句常出现在首段首句。阅读理
13、解（主旨大意题） 3记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子很可能是主题句。以下是寻找主题句的四个小窍门：1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语（如 however, but, in fact, actually 等）时，该句很可能是主题句。2. 开头出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion 等词。Passa
14、ge 2A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素), which has been prove
15、n to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less
16、 anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to
17、 now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content,which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionist
18、s recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat, Sugar and HealthC. An Experiment on Mice D.
19、 Milk Drinking and Health【技巧 3：无明显主题句时找高频词】阅读理解（主旨大意题） 4任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。Passage 3Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself. Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant expect someone else to love you unt
20、il you love yourself. Either way, youve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that were the apple of our parents eyes, and that our Grandmas think were great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes its a lot harder to think suc
21、h nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.Self-image is your own minds picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you thin
22、k. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.The best way to defe
23、at a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Dont allow doubts to occur in it. It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you cant move pas
24、t one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think youre silly because you arent good at math, find a tutor. If you think youre weak because you cant run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think youre d
25、ull because you dont wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesnt mean its true. The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changi
26、ng the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat(拍) yourself on the back, youll know youre well on your way. Good luck!What is the passage mainly about? _A. How to prepare for your success. B. How to face chall
27、enges in your life.C. How to build a positive selfimage. D. How to develop your good qualities.【技巧 4：同义概括，或取其一】阅读理解（主旨大意题） 5同（近）义转换表达是所有阅读考试的特点。例如，试题中是 handle，原文中可能是cope with；试题中是 woman，原文可能是 female。充分把握这一规律，是答对阅读理解题的关键之一。所以考生应多积累同义词汇、表达。因此，跟主题句意思相同的选项，往往就是正确答案。Passage 4Grownups are often surprised
28、by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and
29、 hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. . （下文略）What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?A. People remember well
30、what they learned in childhood.B. Children have a better memory than grownups.C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D. Stories for children are easy to remember.【主旨大意题正确选项的特征】1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。【主旨大意题干扰选项的特征】1. 过于笼统。所表达的内容概括的范围过大，超出或多于文章阐述的内容。2. 以偏概全。所
31、表达的内容只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3. 偷换概念。所表达的内容被命题者有意识地把本属于 A 的内容放在 B 上，若不留神，极易选错答案。4. 无中生有。无关信息，生搬硬套，文章中未提到，或找不到依据的信息。虽然在文章中谈到，但选项内容与文章内容毫无联系。【Practice 】阅读理解（主旨大意题） 6Passage 5My husband and I had been married nearly twenty-two years when I acquired Stevens Johnson synd
32、rome,a disorder where my immune (免疫的) system responded to a virus by producing painful blisters (水泡). Although my long-term evaluation was good, I, who had been so fiercely independent, rapidly became absolutely helpless.My husband, Scott, stepped up to the plate, taking care of kids and cooking din
33、ners. He also became my personal caretaker, applying the medicine to all of my blisters because my hands couldnt do the job. Needless to say, I had negative emotions, bouncing from embarrassment to shame caused by total reliance on someone other than myself.I recovered from my illness, but I couldnt
34、 seem to recover from the thought that I loved my husband less than he loved me. This seeming distinction in our love continued to annoy me for the year following my illness.Then recently Scott and I went on a long bike ride. Hes an experienced cyclist; Im quite the green hand. At one point with a s
35、trong headwind and sharp pain building in my tired legs, I really thought I couldnt go any further. Seeing me struggle, Scott pulled in front of me and yelled over his shoulder, “Stay close behind me.” As I followed his steps, I discovered that my legs quit burning and I was able to catch my breath.
36、 My husband was pulling me alongagain.I pray my husband will always be strong and healthy. But if he should ever become the struggling one, whether on a bike ride or with an illness, I trust Ill be ready to call out to him, “Stay close behind me my turn to pull you along.”What message does the autho
37、r convey in the passage?A. Strong will. B. Selfless love. C. Reliance(依靠)on each other. D. Optimistic attitude to life.Passage 6Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company. Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new med
38、icines for the treatment of heart diseases. A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager (ROM) to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield, due to open in the autumn of 2010. Reporting to the Director, you will help set up and run the technical and scientific
39、 support services of our new laboratories now under construction. You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRLs Health and Safety, and to communicate (沟通) with support employees at ALRLs laboratories based at University College London. Working 阅读理解（主旨大
40、意题） 7closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees, you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories. Candidates (申请人) will have experience of both management and rese
41、arch support / technical services. Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable. If you are interested in this position, please send your CV (简历) to Alex London Research Laboratory, University College London, Hatfield,
42、 London, W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL alex. co. uk. For more information, please visit www. alex. co. uk. What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about? A. The technical skills of a would-be ROM. B. The practical experience of a would-be ROM. C. The personal information of a would-be ROM. D. The n
43、ecessary requirements for a would-be ROM. Passage 7Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or cultures cele
44、brations or traditions. The foods we eat and when and how we eat them are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of together
45、ness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the sout
46、hern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to c
47、elebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcom
48、e celebrations to represent family unity.阅读理解（主旨大意题） 8Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.What is the passage mainly about?A.The custom of sharing food.B.The specific meaning of food.C.The role of food in ceremonies.D.The importance of food in culture.
