1、写作启、承、转、合启-启动观点 开头段Nowadays, a heated debate is springing up as toWith the development of 承-内容承接 拓展段首先, 第一: firstly/ above all/ to begin with其次，第二:secondly/ besides/ in addition/ whats more/最后，第三: at last/ the last but not the least转-语义转折 拓展段转折：however/ on the contrary/ by contrast/instead合-总结概括 结尾段
2、结论：in short/ in brief/ in a word/ in conclusion/ to sum up/ on the basis of the analysis above, we can draw a conclusion that1）起始段写法一、话题引出段/现象、现状说明段1. Nowadays/ Currently, there is a great/wide/widespread concern over the issue of2. There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of. Those who
3、 object toargue that. But people who favor, on the other hand, argue that 3. With the rapid development of science and technology, the quality of our lives is improving for the better.4. When it comes to, peoples notion may vary from one to another/most people belive that But other people argue that
4、 5. Different people have different attitudes towardsSome are in favor of while others are against. As far as Im concerned, I am inclinded to support the latter view that 2）拓展段写法(5 种)一、观点对比段Currently, opposite views are presented in the debate. Some people firmly believe that. On the contrary, quite
5、 a few people argue that二、利弊列举段Every coin has two sides and this issue is no exception. Above all, In addition ,However, the negative elements should not be neglected.三、举例论证段1. For instance2. Take for a example3. A case in point is4. The thought-provoking saying can be best illustrated by the follow
6、ing examples.四、原因列举段1. Why should this phenomenon take place? There are generally three factors accounting for it.2. Considering every aspect of the issue, we may attribute the sharp change to three factors.五、意义阐释段1. The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to2. Th
7、e fact/ phenomenon that indicates/ reveals that.3）结论段写法(2 种)一、归纳结论段1. As a result/ consequence,2. In conclusion,3. In my opinion,4. As far as I am concerned,5. taking into account all the factors above, we may draw a conclusion that6. Trough the above-mentioned analysis, we have no difficulties in d
8、rawing the conclusion that 7. From the above discussion, we can easily conclude that both proponents and opponents ofhave their respective reasons and justifications. However, as a supporter/opponent of , I would like to stand by/support/ aprove of 二、预测趋势段There is no denying that the tendency of inc
9、rease/decline reflected from the chart will continue in the future.作文四大主题题型 一、观点对比型基本模式：热门话题，利弊共存，观点针锋相对，考生阐述个人见解Where to LiveIn the City or the Country? Outline: 1. Conveniences of the city 2. Attractions of the country 3. Disadvantages of both 4. My preference都市生活优势 发达的教育 (advanced level of educat
10、ion) 便捷的交通(convenient transportation 繁荣的商业(prosperous business) 丰富的文化娱乐(rich cultural life)Where to LiveIn the City or the Country? 乡村生活优势 close to nature, fresh air, quiet and relaxing, idyllic and simple way of life, carefree都市生活劣势 polluted, crowded, noisy, pressures, temptations乡村生活劣势 boring, idl
11、e, sluggish, isolated from the outside world, inconvenient daily life我的选择：自由选择，但是必须声明喜好原因，自圆其说句型参考：The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.Obviously, it has both negative effects and positive effects.There are advantages and disadvantages.Like anything else, it has its faults.Nothing can equal
12、Nothing is morethan两者相同 A is notany more than B；The same is true of；A and B have several things in common；A bears some resemblances to B两者不同 A, whereas B； A and B differ in several ways模板：When it comes to , different people hold different views Some contend that . For one thing, . For another, . In
13、spite of all these claims, others maintain that They point out that . Another instance cited often is that . It s no easy task to find a satisfactory answer to the issue. As for me, theres some truth to both arguments . Its advisable to . 信息提示：两种观点针对的争论焦点；观点一；观点一的理由 1；观点二的理由2；与观点一对立的观点二；观点二的理由 1；观点二
14、的理由 2；个人的结论 二、现象阐释型基本模式：以阐释现象、分析原因、阐述观点为主模板一：1. Recently, _. 2. What amazes us most is _. 3. It is true that _. 4. There are many reasons explaining _. 5. The main reason is _. 6.What is more, _. 7. Thirdly, _. 8. As a result _.9. Considering all these, _. 10. For one thing, _. 11. For another, _. 1
15、2. In conclusion, _ 信息提示：1.描述现象，引起话题 2.表现较为典型的一个方面 3.对于现象做出评论 4.承上启下，解释这一现象的原因 5.说明原因一 6.原因二 7.原因三 8.讲述导致的结果 9.作者的态度 10.观点一 11.观点二 12.总结全文It Pays to Be Honest1. Recently, we often hear complaints about dishonesty. 2. What amazes us most is that a lot of students cheat in exams. 3. It is true that th
16、ere are dishonest practices in all walks of life. 4. There are many reasons explaining these dishonest behaviors. 5. The main reason is that countless people neglect the moral values in pursuit of their own interests. 6.What ismore, we lack effective laws and regulations of supervision. 7. Thirdly,
17、a great many dishonest people can escape punishment. 8. As a result, the problem of dishonesty becomes very serious. 9. Considering all these, I still want to argue that it pays to be honest in the long run. 10. For one thing, honesty is a traditional virtue of Chinese. 11. For another, even dishone
18、st people like making friends with honest people. 12. In conclusion, we should be honest.点评：1. 引起主题内容，使用 often 一词表示这种现象较普遍 2.是第一句的展开句，说明表现较为典型的一个方面 3.进一步做出结论：不诚实这一现象很普遍 4.承上启下，说明原因 5.指出主要原因：人们在重视自身利益的同时却忽略了道德价值 6.进一步细说原因：缺乏法规 7.说明不诚实现象有症结所在 8.讲述导致的结果 9. 表述个人的观点，同时也起到了承上启下的作用 10.个人观点的理由一 11.个人观点的理由二
19、12.总结全文，做人应该诚实模板二：1. As is known to all, _. 2. _ seem to get accustomed to_. 3. In fact, _. 4. The reasons of _ lie in several aspects. 5. Firstly, _. 6. Secondly, _. 7. Thirdly, _. 8. Finally, _.9. As a matter of fact, _. 10. On the one hand, _. 11. On the other hand, _. 12. Therefore, _ 信息提示：1.摆明现
20、象 2.讲明事实，空格内填 People/ Students 等 3.说明发生的实质变化 4.引起下文，讲明原因 5.原因一 6.原因二 7.原因三 8.原因四或总结全段 9.说明作者的观点 10.支持这一观点的理由一 11.理由二 12.得出结论It Pays to Be Honest1. As is known to all, we often hear complaints about dishonesty. 2. People seem to get accustomed to many dishonest behaviors. 3. In fact, there are dishon
21、est practices in all walks of life. 4. The reasons of social dishonesty lie in several aspects. 5. Firstly, countless people neglect moral values in pursuit of their material benefits. 6. Secondly, unfair competitions worsen the situation7. Thirdly, we lack powerful and effective laws and regulation
22、s to cope with this problem. 8. Finally, a lot of dishonest people may escape punishment easily. 9. As a matter of fact, to be honest will be good for both the honest people and our society. 10. On the one hand, behaving yourself in an honest way can win respect from others. 11. On the other hand, b
23、eing honest is an essential step towards our spiritual civilization. 12. Therefore, it pays to be honest in the long run. 点评：1.摆明现象，引起话题 2.讲明事实 3.进一步说明不诚实现象的普遍性 4. 讲明导致不诚实现象的原因很多，引起下文 5.讲明原因一 6.原因二：不公平竞争导致 7.原因三：缺乏有效的法规制止 8.原因四：不诚实的人们得不到惩罚 9.转而说明作者的观点：诚实有益 10.诚实有益的具体表现一 11.诚实有益的具体表现 12.得出结论：诚实有益。三、问
24、题解决型题型特点：利用对已给出的材料作出自己的分析，论述其原因，然后提出自己的看法或对象。模板：1. With the _ of _, _. 2. So it is of great importance for us to _. 3. On the one hand, _. 4. On the other hand, _. 5. However, we have figured out many ways to _. 6. Firstly, _. 7. So long as_. 8. Secondly, _. 9. Thirdly _. 10. In fact, _. 11. That is
25、 because, _. 12. In a word, _. 信息提示：1. 问题出现的背景 2.引出问题 3.问题的后果一 4.问题的后果二 5.提出解决这一问题的方法 6.解决方法一 7.进一步说明方法一 8.方法二 9.方法三 10.提出解决问题的根本途径 11.支持上句的理由 12.总结全文How to Succeed in a Job Interview1. With the development of the H.R. market, the interview is becoming more and more important in job-seeking. 2. So i
26、t is of great importance for us to master skills on interview. 3. On the one hand, the interviewer can know about the candidates in the interview. 4. On the other hand, the interviewee can get necessary information directly from the interviewer. 5. However, we have figured out many ways to make an e
27、xcellent performance in an interview. 6. Firstly, the interviewee has to pay attention to his appearance. 7. So long as we realize that the first impression is important, we must pay attention to it. 8. Secondly, a good manner is equally important. 9. Thirdly an interviewee must demonstrate his skil
28、ls for the job. 10. In fact, the skills for the job play a decisive role. 11. That is because skills enable us to cope well with our work. 12. In a word, a qualified candidate must give a fair performance点评 ：1. 是整篇文章的一个铺垫，突出了主题 interview 的重要性。 2. 点出文章的意图，掌握面试技巧至关重要。 3.和 4.是补充说明句 2 的内容，从两个方面论证掌握技巧的重要
29、性。5. 起到了承上启下的作用，介绍多种面试技巧。 6 至 9 是本段主题 句的展开说明。这一段落组织十分严密，详细介绍面试技巧。6. 面试成功途径一：要注重外表。7.对句 6 的内容做出进一步说明：目的是留下好的第一印象。8.面试成功途径二：要有礼貌。 9.面试成功途径三：成功展示自己的工作技能。10. 总结归纳成功面试的关键点 - 工作技能。11. 对句 10 做出合理的解释。12. 做出结论，总结全文。四、观点论证型要求：本题型要求考生根据题目给出的论点，按照提纲的结构要求对其进行论证，然后表明自己的立场和看法。首先提出论点或观点，作为全文的出发点；第二段要求考生针对这一观点举出具体的例
30、子来论证,第三段要求考生表明自己的态度、做法，以及在日常生活中如何有效地实践这一观点。 模板： 1. It is believe that _. 2. The truth is deep and profound. 3. As we know, _. 4. Consequently, _. 5. A case in point is _. 6. This is close to suggest _. 7. It is true that _. 8. In addition, _. 9. All mentioned above tells us _. 10. As a matter of fac
31、t, _. 11. There is no denying that _. 12. In short, _. 信息提示 1.提出观点 2.强调这一观点 3.观点的理论依据 4.证明观点正确性的理论 5.提出具体的例子 6.深入探讨这一事例 7.重申理论的正确性 8.其它相关的事实 9. 重申观点 10. 观点在日常生活中的体现 11.得出结论 12.总结全文Dont Hesitate to Say “No”1. It is believed that we should directly say “No” on many occasions. 2. The truth is deep and
32、profound. 3. As we know, when we cannot offer help, we should tell the truth to others. 4. Consequently, we should not hesitate to say “No”. Dont Hesitate to Say “No”5. A case in point is the daily behavior of us. 6. This is close to suggest that it is always not easy to say “No”. 7. It is true that
33、 people often prefer to say “Yes” for fear of hurting others. 8. In addition, many people think that refusal usually means inability. 9. All mentioned above tells us it is hard for us to say “No” when we need to. 10. As a matter of fact, others will misunderstand our situation when we lie by saying
34、“Yes”. 11. There is no denying that we will really hurt them when we fail to help them in the end. 12. In short, everybody should learn 点评：1.提出观点：很多情况下都应该说“不”，统领全文。 2.进一步说明观点的正确性。3.深入论证观点的正确性。4.得出本段的结论，重申观点。 5. 以日常行为为实例说明观点。6.说明说“不”的不易性。7.解释为什么人们不说“不”：怕伤害别人。 For fear of: 固定短语的正确用法。8.进一步解释人们不说“不”的理由：
35、拒绝意味着无能。 9. 总结上面的原因，重申说“不”的不易性。10. 从反面说明该说“不” 的时候不说 “不”的坏处一：导致别人的误解。11.该说“不”的时候不说“不”的坏处二：最终不能帮助别人时，会伤害别人。 12. 总结全文，重申观点：应该学会说“不”。英语翻译注意事项：1、英语信息重点在前，汉语信息重点在后。You will lose your chance if you dont take action right now. 如果不马上采取行动，你就会坐失良机。2、英语多用复合长句。 ，汉语多用简单短句。Chilly gusts with a taste of rain in them
36、 had almost dispeopled the streets. 阵阵寒风，带着雨意，街上冷冷清清，几乎没有什么行人了3、英语多被动，汉语多主动He was asked by the local government to set up an injuries center at the hospital.当地政府要求他在医院创建一个创伤医疗中心。词汇的翻译：1、词义选择。根据上下文关系和自身搭配，选择正确的词义。It is quite another story now. 现在的情况完全不同了。 This story is very interesting. 这个故事很有趣。The w
37、ar is becoming the most important story of this generation. 这场战争将成为这代人生命中最重大的事件了。2、词义的引申 delicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤 delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器 delicate health 虚弱的健康 delicate living 奢侈的生活 delicate stomach 容易吃坏的胃 3、词义的褒贬 注意感情色彩。My brothers ambition is becoming a pilot. Hitlers ambition is to conquest the world
38、. 4、词义的转换 英语在表达上多用名词，形容词，介词，而汉语多用动词，副词 The very sight of it makes me nervous 一看到他，我就感到紧张。 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 学习中必须进行独立思考。英文句式的翻译1、增词法 In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final com
39、munique. 晚上参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演之后，他还要起草最后公报。2、减词法 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。 3、调整语序 常常需要把英文中位于主要信息之后的次要信息前移。定语前移 This is the best solution imaginable. 这是能想到的最好解决办法。 状语前移 He had to quit the position and went to exile, having been deprived of his p
40、ower. 他被剥夺了权力，只好离职，流落他乡。4、拆分法 They, not unexpectedly, did not respond. 他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。5、融合法 We look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secrets of the universe. 我们期待有一天科学家们能揭开更多宇宙奥秘。被动语态：借助“被，由，让，为，遭，加，予以，为 所” 等词译为汉语被动句 ： 1、On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience
41、 are enriched. 相反，他们的知识和经验更丰富了。2、By the end of the war more than 2000 people had been saved by the organization. 到战争结束时，这个组织拯救了 2000 多人的生命。3、To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched into the space again and again. 为了探测月球表面，人们不断向太空发射火箭。4、Nuclear power has been known to the scientist for a
42、long time. 核能为科学家们所认识已经有很长时间了。5、In addition, not all the technology is based on science. 另外，并不是所有的技术都是以科学为基础的。肯定与否定：1、It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种合同部分。 （有些词汇本身带有否定意味，例如；avoid, before, beyond, deny, escape）2、Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized。关于这一点
43、的意义和重要性，怎么强点也不为过。 （双重否定）3、Nobody is admitted without permission. 未经允许，任何人不得入内。 （特殊结构）主语从句：1、What he told me was only half-truth. 他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。 （主语从句包含的信息为重要信息，位于句首。 ）2、It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determined his character and later persona
44、lity. 人们普遍认为，孩子早年的经历很大程度上决定了他们的性格和未来的人品。宾语和表语从句：1、I understand that he is well qualified, but I feel that he needs more experience 我知道他很符合条件，但是我觉得他还需经验2、I regard it an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting. 能被当选参加会议，我感带很荣幸3、Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象 同位语从句：She had no
45、 idea why she thought of him suddenly. 她不明白自己为什么突然想起他来定语从句：前置 Pollution is a pressing problem （which we must deal with right now）污染是我们现在就必须解决的一个迫切问题后置，定语太长时 It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle 是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了状语从句：一般包括时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，目的，结果。多位于句首。1、Now all of us are
46、 here, lets start our meeting. 既然大家都到了，我们开始开会吧 2、She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face. 她坐在我身后，我看不到她的表情英译汉：1、状语的位置：灵活，一般按照动词-方式- 地点-时间 的顺序：他每晚都在图书馆用心读书 He reads hard in the library every evening2、单词作定语放在中心词前，较长定语如词组或句子则放在中心词之后：山东曲阜是中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。Qufu, Shandong Pr
47、ovience, is the birthplace of Confucious, a well-known ancient Chinese thinker and teacher。举世闻名的万里长城 The world famous Great Wall3、对应法：假如你不来，我就去看你 If you dont come here, I will go to visit you4、改译法：他提醒我们要注意身体 He warned us to take care of ourselves5、增译法：不知你是否完成了任务 I wonder whether you have finished yo
48、ur task6、省译法：你们需要的是快速进步，而不是慢慢的进步 You need rapid progress, not slow.7、调整顺序：我能在这儿坐一会吗？ Can I sit here for a while?8、正反对译：我还没来得及拦住她，她就向大家宣布了这个消息 Before I could stop her,she shouted the news to everyone. 9、转换语态：这座桥将在今年年底建成 The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year常用的句型Notuntil. It is reported/said /estimated that It is necessary/important for sb to do sthBe likely to not.but.It seems that in spite of.Although,butsb have the/no little chan
