1、英语试题公共英语部分Put the following passage into Chinese:1、Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that older toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts a
2、re more likely to fail. Kindergarten children who turn five during the latter half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it comes to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades
3、 and score higher on achievement tests throughout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of
4、 many of todays children with inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academ
5、ic advantage over their less-pressured peers.对早期教育的批评引用了关于 4 岁儿童是否应准备接受正规教育的研究报告。教育工作者发现，年龄较大的幼儿更容易在他们的学业中取得成功，而年龄较小的幼儿更容易失败。幼儿园的孩子在快到五岁时面临的生理、心理、社交和智力发展，似乎并不顺利。此外，快到六岁的孩子上幼儿园时往往会获得更好的成绩，并在学业上比那些刚满五岁上幼儿园的孩子成绩更好。天资聪慧、拥有语言表达技能与准备好上学并不一样。人们很容易将如今大多数内心成熟儿童的表面上自信与精明混淆。事实上，有证据表明，过早教育会适得其反：那些由被父母要求在幼儿园进行应试
6、教育学习的儿童缺乏创造力，对考试更加焦虑，并在幼儿园结束时，与那些未被要求进行应试教育学习的儿童相比，并不能在学习上保持其最初的优势。Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. They question whether environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a
7、child reared in a non disadvantaged home. They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children considerable freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that many of the t
8、hings children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too hard and thereby depriving them of their childhood.许多心理学家和教育工作者对 4 岁儿童接受正规教
9、育仍持怀疑态度。他们质疑丰富环境是否能显著地改变贫穷家庭孩子的成长时间表。但并不否认托儿所、幼儿园的舒适环境、让孩子自由玩耍、自由成长、提升社交能力的种种好处。但他们指出，过去孩子在小学一年级学习的知识现已在幼儿园进行学习，他们担心越来越多的孩子被要求在 4 岁开始学习。这些心理学家和教育工作者认为，家长望子成龙心切，从而剥夺了孩子们的童年。2、In country after country, talk of nonsmokers right is in the air. While a majority of countries have taken little or no action
10、 yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking. Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized. However, i
11、n many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progressand is even encouraged. As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries. For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarette
12、s in the Middle East and North Africawhere U.S. tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.Smoking is harmful to the health of people. World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. Restrictions on cigarette advertisement, plus health warnings on packages and bans on p
13、ublic smoking in certain places such as theaters, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking. But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about hi
14、s habit. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. And cigarette price should be boosted.In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready fo
15、r such drastic action.不吸烟者的权利问题，正在一个又一个国家里开始议论。至今多数国家很少或还没有采取措施，有三十个左右的国家已经采取法律程序控制吸烟。另一些国家则已制订旨在为不吸烟者净化空气或消减纸烟消费量的多种法律。在某些发达国家中。纸烟的消费量已渐趋稳定。然而在许多发展中国家里，吸烟却被视为经济发展的一种标志 甚至受到鼓励。随着更多的烟草公司走上国际化的道路，它们在这些国家中寻找新的市场，争取更多的吸烟者。吸烟对人民健康有害。世界各国政府应该开展认真的反对吸烟运动。限制香烟广告，每包香烟上加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在诸如影剧院和餐馆等某些公共场所吸烟，这些都是许多国
16、家用以支持不吸烟者和控制吸烟最常用的办法。同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上。这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为此感到不安。应该做出巨大努力告诉青年人抽烟的危害性，特别是养成抽烟习惯的可怕后果。而且香烟价格应予提高。从长远观点看，毫无疑问，如果能完全禁止吸烟，那么每个人的境况将得到很大的改善。但对于采取这种极端措施，人们尚无准备。3、We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for ins
17、tance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to so many intimations about societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain import
18、ant intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry and which may, conceivably, go to the m
19、aking of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individua
20、lly interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.我们被告知，大众媒体是世界上已见到的最大的启蒙机关;例如，在英国几百万人全景看到每个问题的时事节目。的确，在人类历史上从来没有这么多的人如此频繁和如此多的接触到的关于社会的许多通知。这种接触可能是获得某些重要的智力和想象力品质，宽度的判断，多种可能的态度的感觉的出发点。然而，这种接触本身并不带来智力或想象力的发展。它只不过是位于采石场的石头群，而且可以想象地去建造一座大教堂。大众传媒不能建造大教堂，他们展示石头的方式并不总是促使他人建造。因为石头是
21、在一个自给自足的的世界中呈现的，在这个世界里，暗示着只是看着它们，稍微观察它们之间各自有趣的差异点就足够了。Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to or feel we should try to make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, ca
22、n often be communicated through the mass media. The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customer happy. It is within the grain of mass communications. The organs of the Establi
23、shment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensi
24、bly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted clich-assumptions of democratic society and will tend ne
25、ither radically to question these clichs nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself; they will therefore, aga
26、in, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo (现状). There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic. 无论作为公民或私人个人，生活确实充满了我们必须（或者觉得我们应该努力）作出决定的问题。但是，无论是做决定的真正困难，还是它们对每个人的真实和烦人的挑战，通常都不可以通过大众媒体交流。建议真正的选择，个人的决定，这是在大众媒体中找到的不是简单地是保持客户满意的商业愿望的产品。它在大众传播的谷物之内。机构的机构，不管其意图是什么，无论他们的形式（国
27、家，教会，志愿社团，政党） ，都有既得利益确保公共船不会被猛烈摇晃，并将影响那些在大众媒体中工作的人，他们将被毫不知情地引导到生产形式，尽管他们经历了争议和调查的动议，但不会突破皮肤，这样的查询可能真正伤害。当暴露问题时，他们倾向于移动，完全在民主社会所接受的陈词滥调中，并且不会从根本上质疑这些陈词滥调，也不会使他们对当代生活的特征产生令人不安的应用。他们将强调程序给出的“刺激” ，但这很快就成为一个激动的问题，为了本身的兴趣的兴趣;他们将再次帮助接受现状的现状。这种趋势有例外，但它们是不典型的。The result can be seen in a hundred radio and tel
28、evision programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press. Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving at judgment. Programs such as this are noteworthy less for t
29、he “stimulation” they offer than for the fact that stimulation (repeated at regular intervals) may become a substitute for and so a hindrance to judgments carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and on the pulses. Mass communications, then, do not ignore intellectual matters; they tend to castra
30、te (使丧失活力) them, to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything.结果可以在一百个广播和电视节目中看到，正如普通新闻中公众问题的正常处理一样。 可以假定读者或观看者中的不同级别的背景，但是通常发生的是替代判断的过程。 这样的程序对于它们提供的“刺激”显然比对于刺激（以固定间隔重复）可能成为代替并且因此妨碍在心理和脉冲中仔细地到达和测试的判断的事实而言更少。那么，大众传播，不要忽视智力问题; 他们倾向于阉割（让 .丧失活力）他们，让他们坐在壁炉边，时尚
31、而无用，家庭玩弄。4、Writing, as a career, offers a range of personal rewards. It enables people to express themselves, as well as to entertain, inform, and influence others. With only a few tools - paper, a typewriter, a pencil, and often a personal computer, a writer can have an impact on the surrounding wo
32、rld. But most authors spend hundreds of hours perfecting their skills before they can sell any of their works.写作，作为一个职业，能为个人提供一系列的奖励。 它使人们能够表达自己，以及娱乐自己娱乐，通知和影响他人。 只需要几个工具 - 纸，打字机，铅笔，通常是个人电脑，作家就可以对周围的世界产生影响。 但是大多数作者花费数百小时完善他们的技能，然后才能销售出他们的作品。A person who wants to be a writer should set aside some tim
33、e to write every day. Learning to express ideas clearly and effectively in writing takes a great deal of practice. Many experienced writers keep a journal. A journal can serve as a storehouse for information, observations, and ideas. It can also be a place to develop new material.一个想成为作家的人应该每天留出一些时间
34、写作。 学习以书面形式清楚有效地表达想法需要大量的实践。 许多有经验的作家保留一个日志。 日志可以储存信息，观察和想法。 它也可以是开发素材的地方。Beginning writers should read many kinds of writing encountered every day and pay special attention to what they find most interesting. News items, feature stories, textbooks, cookbooks, repair manuals, poems, essays, short st
35、ories, novels, and plays differ in their methods of organizing and presenting material. A beginning writer who reads widely and carefully will develop an appreciation of different writing approaches and styles. In time, the writer can acquire a more flexible approach to his or her own work.新作家应该阅读每天
36、遇到的各种类型的作品，并特别注意他们最感兴趣的内容。 新闻项目，特色故事，教科书，烹饪书，维修手册，诗歌，散文，短篇小说，小说和戏剧在组织和呈现素材的方法上有所不同。 作为广泛而仔细阅读的新作家，将会了解不同的写作方法和风格。 随着时间的推移，作家会更灵活的方式来处理自己的文字工作。Successful authors write about subjects they know and understand. They sometimes take weeks or months revising or refining an article, poem, or story. Beginni
37、ng writers usually benefit from finding one or more friendly critics who will read their work and discuss its strengths and weaknesses with them.成功的作家写关于他们知道和理解的主题。 他们有时需要几个星期或几个月来修改或改进文章，诗歌或故事。新作家通常受益于找到一个或多个友好评论家，他们将阅读他们的工作，并与他们讨论其优势和弱点。High schools and colleges offer many learning opportunities f
38、or young writers. Composition and literature courses can be helpful. Creative writing and journalism courses may further assist a beginning writer in developing his or her skills. Many students work on literary magazines, newspapers, or yearbooks published by their schools. They may write stories, e
39、dit articles, or gain other valuable experience.高中和学院为年轻作家提供了许多学习机会。 作文课和文学课能提供有帮助。 创意写作和新闻课程可以进一步帮助初学者发展他或她的技能。 许多学生为学校出版的文学杂志，报纸或年鉴工作。 他们可以写故事，编辑文章或获得其他宝贵的经验。5、Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child-rearing, but what do fathers do? Much of what they contribute is simply th
40、e result of being a second adult in the home. Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting. Two adults can support and make up for each others deficiencies and build on each others strengths.很少有人怀疑母亲在育儿方面的根本重要性，但父亲做什么？ 他们贡献的大部分仅仅是在家里成为第二个成年人的结果。 抚养孩子是要求很高的，充满压力和令人疲惫的。 两个成年人可以支持和弥补彼此的缺
41、陷，优势互补。Fathers also bring an array of unique qualities. Some are familiar: protector and role model. Teenage boys without fathers are notoriously prone to trouble. The pathway to adulthood for daughters is somewhat easier, but they must still learn from their fathers, in ways they cannot from their
42、mothers, how to relate to men. They learn from their fathers about heterosexual trust, intimacy and difference. They learn to appreciate their own femininity from the one male who is most special in their lives. Most important, through loving and being loved by their fathers, they learn that they ar
43、e love-worthy.父亲也带来了一系列独特的品质。 有些很常见：保护者和榜样。 没有父亲的十几岁的男孩是出了名的容易制造麻烦。 女孩成年的路径从某种意义上容易一些，但他们仍然必须向他们的父亲学习如何与男人相处，这是他们不能从母亲那里学习的。 他们从父亲那里了解异性恋的信任，亲密和差异。 他们学会从一个在他们的生活中最特别的男性中欣赏自己的女性气质。 最重要的是，通过爱和被他们的父亲爱，他们知道他们是爱的结晶。Current research gives much deeper - and more surprising - insight into the fathers role i
44、n child-rearing. One significantly overlooked dimension of fathering is play. From their childrens birth through adolescence, fathers tend to emphasize play more than caretaking. The fathers style of play is likely to be both physically stimulating and exciting. With older children it involves more
45、teamwork, requiring competitive testing of physical and mental skills. It frequently resembles a teaching relationship: come on, let me show you how. Mothers play more at the childs level. They seem willing to let the child direct play.目前的研究发现父亲在育儿中的起着更深入和更令人惊讶的作用。 一个被严重忽视父亲育儿的方式是玩耍。 从他们的孩子的诞生到青春期，父
46、亲更倾向于强调玩耍甚于细心照顾。 父亲的游戏风格一般是身体、精神都刺激和兴奋的。 对于年龄较大的儿童，需要更多的团队合作，需要体力和心理技能的竞争性测试。 它经常类似于教学关系：来吧，让我告诉你怎么做。 母亲的陪玩更多与孩子相同水平。 他们似乎愿意让孩子直接玩。Kids, at least in the early years, seem to prefer to play with daddy. In one study of 2-5-year old who were given a choice, more than two-thirds chose to play with their
47、 father.The way fathers play has effects on everything from the management of emotions to intelligence and academic achievement. It is particularly important in promoting self-control. According to one expert, “children who roughhouse with their fathers quickly learn that biting, kicking and other f
48、orms of physical violence are not acceptable.“ They learn when to “shut it down.“孩子，至少在早期，似乎更喜欢和爸爸一起玩。 在一项对 2-5 岁儿童进行选择的研究中，超过三分之二选择与他们的父亲一起玩。父亲玩的方式对从情绪管理到智力和学业成就的一切都有影响。 这对促进自我控制尤其重要。 据一位专家说， “与他们的父亲一起玩耍的孩子很快就知道咬人，踢和其他形式的身体暴力是不能接受的。 他们学习什么时候“关闭” 。At play and in other realms, fathers tend to stress
49、competition, challenge, initiative, risk taking and independence. Mothers, as caretakers, stress emotional security and personal safety. On the playground fathers often try to get the child to swing even higher, while mothers are cautious, worrying about an accident.在游戏和其他领域，父亲倾向于强调竞争，挑战，主动性，冒险和独立。作为照顾者的母亲，强调情绪安全和人身安全。 在操场上，父亲常常试图让孩子摆得更高，而母亲则谨慎，担心事故。6、Sociologically, advertising supports the mass communication media. It pays all the costs of commercial television and radio. It provides viewers with free entertainment and news programs, though viewers are often annoyed
