1、#*虚拟语气第一部分：语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。Dont fo
2、rget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功！虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：.Wo
3、uld you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时 may 须置于句首（多用于正式文体中） 。、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！、May you be happy! 祝你快乐！、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！、May you have a good time.
4、 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。、May you be happy. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。2、用动词原形。例如：(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示强烈愿望。 （该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s” ）(1).God save me(2).Heaven help us四、表命
5、令1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语 (也就是 you)。2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。(1). Work !(2). Work harder !(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be)(4). You go out !(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)(6). Dont be afraid. (口语中常用 dont 代替 do not)五、在一
6、些习惯表达中。如：(1).Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。(2).Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clause) 中的虚拟语气一、在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词 that。一） 、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的) 。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语 be 和 were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：1. I
7、 wish (that 可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式 knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。( 事实上不可能)3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。( 事实上不可能)4. When she was at the party, she wished she were at home.(wished
8、,过去虚拟动词 were)(事实上并不在家)5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词 understood)现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)#*6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词 were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)二） 、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用 wish 表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或 would,
9、 could, might+现在完成时。例：1. I wish (that 可省略，下同 )I hadnt wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)2. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去 )3. We wished he had spoken to us.(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)4. I wish you had called earlier.(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)5. They will wish th
10、ey had listened to us sooner.(will wish ,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)例题分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept动词 wish 后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作） 。本题后半句谓语动词 have 用的是过去
11、时 had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项 A)could have slept 是答案三） 、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望 )：从句动词“would/should/could/might + 动词原形“( 时间上较后)( 请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用 wish 表示对将来事情的愿望。例：1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词 would+动词原形 stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢 )2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
12、我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢 )3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到 )4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)四） 、注意：1.如果将 wish 改为过去式 wi
13、shed, 其后 that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：I wished I hadnt spent so much money.我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。2. 如果 that 从句中用 would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气由于这些动词本
14、身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order表示“主张”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist例如：1.The
15、 doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了” 。)4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the
16、toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (s
17、hould) do 6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.但注意：在 insist 后的从句中 , 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.8.she insists that she is right.#*9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.或者说，suggest, insist 不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明
18、、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 判断改错:(错)11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(错)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.(对)14. I insisted that you were wrong.例题分析：15.It is politely reques
19、ted by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A. were not played B. not be played C. not to play D. did not play全句意思是：“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上 11 点后不要打开收音机” 。句中的谓语动词 request（请求）所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should动词原形” 。本句的主语从句中，主语 radio 是谓语动词 play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是 C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动
20、词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以 A)不正确。选项 B) not to play 是动词带 to 的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项 D)did not play 也是动词 play 的过去时形式，同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式，而本题要用被动语态。练习：16). The chairman requested that .Athe members studied more carefully the problemBthe problem was more carefulnessly studiedCwith more carefulness the problem c
21、ould be studiedDthe members study the problem more carefully17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .Awould be discussedBwill be discussedCbe discussedDmay be discussed18). The doctor insisted that his patient .Athat he not work too hard for three monthsBtake it easy for th
22、ree monthsCtaking it easy inside of three monthsDto take some vacations for three months三、在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)” ，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
23、我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。练习：1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?AIt is believedBShould they believeCThey would believeDIf they would believe2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.Awill leaveBmay leaveC leave D leaves四、would rather ， would
24、 sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer 之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或“ 对过去做的事的懊悔“ 。(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather th
25、at she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3).Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.(5).I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past.(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office经理宁愿她女儿不
26、与他在同一间办公室工作。(7).To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the case坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。(8).You dont have to be in such a hurryI would rather you went on business first你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。(9).Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。(10).Frankly speaking ，
27、Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。(11).Wouldnt you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather 后用动词原形I would rather stay at home todaywould rathe
28、r than 中用动词原形I would rather stay at home than go out today#*五、 “had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形” 。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。第二节：主语从句中的虚拟语气一、 “It is (was)+形容词（或过
29、去分词） +that”结构中的虚拟语气在形如“It is (was)+ 形容词（或过去分词） +that”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为 should 动词原形或省略should 直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去 should）常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的 ),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的 ), important (重要的), imperativ
30、e (急需的 ), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的 ), possible (可能的)* desirable ( 极好的)advisable（合理的） ，compulsory （必须的） ，crucial（紧急的） ，desirable（理想的） ，essential （必要的） ，imperative（迫切的） ，incredible （惊人的） ，necessary（必要的） ，possible（可能的） ，strange（奇怪的） ，urgent （紧迫的） 。常用的过去分词(Past Partic
31、iple):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令)1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, shoul
32、d + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)5. Its important that we (should) take good care of the patien
33、t.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词 natural, should+动词原形 do)7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。9.It
34、is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。注：在上述所列形容词后面用 that 引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。10.I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。二、在 It is 名词that的主语从句中的虚拟语气在 It is 名词that 的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等
35、。这类名词有：advice ， decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order ，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation ，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish ，wonder 等。、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad我建议派他去国外进一步学习。第三节：虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从
36、句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为 should 动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有：demand (要求), desire (请求),requirement (要求)advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion ( 建议)order (命令)necessity (必要地), preference (优先)proposal (计划 ), plan (计划), idea (办法) ，recommendation 以及plan，idea，resolution 等。We are all for your proposal that the discussi
37、on be put off我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。、 The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.(名词 advice， should + leave) (表示加以劝告)、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.(idea, should + ge
38、t) (表示做出主意)、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)、 The judge assented to the suggestion that .Aboth of the criminals will soon be set freedomBsome of the criminals there are of guilt onlyCthe girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare
39、 societyDthe prisoner be sentenced to death第四部分：条件句中的虚拟语气第一节：if 引导的条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于 if 条件状语从句。一、if 引导的条件状语从句的分类及虚拟条件句的判断1、可以把条件句分为两类：1).真实条件句（Sentences of Real Condition）：凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大，就是真实条件句。例如：、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。、As long as I say anyt
40、hing wrong, you must point it out.只要我说了什么错话，你一定要指出来。、If time permits, well go fishing together.(如果有时间的话，我们就一起去钓鱼。 ）2).虚拟条件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）：当假设是不大可能实现时，就是虚拟条件句。例如：#*、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的话，就去参加会议了。、If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen h
41、is old friend.假如他昨天来这儿的话，就会看见他的老朋友。、If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.（如果昨天下雨的话，我们就会留在家里。 ）2、.if 条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反。与现在事实相反。与将来事实可能相反。3、 “后退一步法”后退一步法是指
42、在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步” 。也就是：与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态动词 would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例：、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my stud
43、ents.、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldnt go out.4、注意事项if 条件句中如有 were, should, had，可以省去 if，并使用倒装语序。在现代英语中 if 条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是 be 其过去形式一般用 were。 二、虚拟语气在 if 引导的条件句中的用法：（一） 、表示与现在事实相反的情况。其句子结构为：从句：if + 主语+ 动词的过去式(be 用 were) + 主句：主语+ would (should, could , might) + 动词原形+ 例：1.If I were you, I would g
44、o with him.2.If the weather were fine, I would go there.如果天气好，我去那儿。 （事实天气不好）3.If I were you, I would read it again.如果我是你的话，我再读一遍。 （事实上我不是你）4.If time permitted, I would write it again.如果时间允许的话，我再写一遍。 （事实上时间不允许）5.If it werent snowing, we wouldnt stay in the house.要是现在不下雪的话，我们就不会待在屋里。 （事实上现在下雪）6.What w
45、ould I do if I were in your place? 要是我处于你地位我会怎么办？（事实上我不在你的位置上）7.If he hurried, he could catch the first bus. 他要是快点能够赶上头班公共汽车。 （可是他不着急）8.If it werent for your help, we would get into trouble.如果没有你们的帮助，我们就会陷入困境。 （而事实上得到了你们的帮助）9.If we had the manpower, we could open up even more land.如果有人力,我们还能开更多的荒地.
46、10. If I were you, I would go with him.(从句 If I were you, 主句 I would go with him.)11. If I were you, I should buy it.(从句用过去式动词 were，主句用动词原形 buy)12. If I had time, I would study French. (如果有时间，我会学习法文。 ） （从句用过去式动词 had，主句用动词原形study）13. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文，她就不必要我帮
47、了。)( 从句用过去式动词 knew, 主句用动词原形 ask)注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用：“主语+ would be + 进行式动词+ “14. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(从句用过去式动词 were, 主句用 would be speaking)（二） 、表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。其句子结构为：从句：If + 主语+ had +过去完成式动词+ 主句：主语+ would (should, could, might) + have +过去完成式动词+例如: 、If you had taken my ad
48、vice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误。（事实上你没有听我的劝告）、I shouldnt have been able to write such good novels if I hadnt lived among the peasants for five years.如果我不是和农民生活了五年，就不可能写出这样好的小说。 （事实上我和农民生活了五年）、If you hadnt invited me, I shouldnt have come to the party.如果你不邀请我，我就不会来参加你
49、的舞会。(事实上你邀请了我) 、If it hadnt been for your help, I shouldnt have finished this work on time. 要是没有你们的帮忙，我就不会按时完成了这项工作。 （事实上你们帮助了我）、If he hadnt broken the law, he wouldnt have been put in prison.如果他不违法的话，就不会被打入监狱。 （事实上他违法了）、If I hadnt been ill yesterday, I might have come to school.昨天要是不生病，我是可能来上学的。 （事实上我生病了）、If I had been your headm
