1、- 1 -九年级英语上册Unit5 What are the shirts made of?一、 语法 被动语态(一)、什么是被动语态 ?英语中时态很多，但语态不多，只有两种，即：主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态” ，相当于中文中常说的“被” 、 “由”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。 ”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。 ”(二)、被动语态的结构那么，英语中被动语态是怎么样构成的呢?请看下面的例句(注意划线部分)：His bicycle was stolen.The building has been built for 20 years.通过上面的例句，可以看出， “被动语态”的构成是：be
2、+ 过去分词 + (by+动作执行者)(三)、被动语态的运用什么情况下要用被动语态呢?一般地说，有下面几种情况：1、不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。例如：Paper is made from wood. (纸是由木材生产出来的。)The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. (这座房子太旧了。它是 1950 年建成的。)He was wounded in the fight. (他在战斗在受伤了。)This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于 1981 年。2、 需要强调动作的对象时。例如：Calculator c
3、ant be used in the maths exam.(计算器不能用于数学考试。)Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. (阅览室的书籍和报纸不准带走。)The window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。(四)、各种时态的被动语态举例一般地讲，被动语态可用于英语的各种时态。为了能准确地运用被动语态，重点是要掌握 be 动词的各种时态变化。各种时态的被动语态举例如下：1、 一般现在时的被动语态. am /
4、 is / are + 动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned every day.- 2 -This car is made in China.2、一般过去式的被动语态: was / were + 动词的过去分词His desk was cleaned just now.The station was built in 1928.3、现在进行时的被动语态: am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词A new factory is being built in our city now.Some trees are being cut down i
5、n the park.4、过去进行时的被动语态: was / were + being + 动词的过去分词A new factory was being built in our city at that time.Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen at this time last year.5、一般将来时的被动语态:(A) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词(B) am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词 .Some new factories will be built i
6、n our city this year.Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.6、过去将来时的被动语态: (1).would / should + be + 动词的过去分词(2).was / were +going to be +动词的过去分词.She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.7、现在完成时的被动语态:have / ha
7、s + been + 动词的过去分词Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.Your watch has been mended already.8、过去完成时的被动语态:had + been + 动词的过去分词He said that some new factories had been built in the city.I didnt know that my watch had been mended .9、含情态动词的被动式：can/may/must + be +动词的过去分词He can not
8、 be found. / I must be paid for this.(五 )、如何将主动语态变成被动语态(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be 过去分词)- 3 -(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定 be 的形式 )。(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are
9、made by them in the factory.（六）被动语态的特殊情况：1、复合宾语变成被动语态如果一个动词后带的是复合宾语（宾语+宾补）时，若需变被动语态时，其方法是：把主动语态句中的宾语变为被动语态的主语，而宾语补足语仍留在谓语动词后，作为主要的补足语。如：They chose Tom captain. 他们选 Tom 为队长。Tom was chosen captain.汤姆被选为队长。I found him lying on the ground.我发现他躺在地板上。He was found lying on the ground.他被发现躺在地板上。注意：在主动语态中，由于
10、动词 see、hear 、watch 、notice、make、feel 等动词后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时，不带 to。但改为被动语态时，要加上 to。如：People saw him enter the building.人们看见他进入大楼。 （see/watch/hear/make sb. do sth.）He was seen to enter the building.他被看见走进大楼。 （be made / seen / heard / watched / noticed to do sth.被迫 / 被看见 / 被听见 / 被观看 /被注意 做某事）（使役感官真奇怪，to 去 t
11、o 来令人猜，主动语态 to 离开，被动语态 to 回来。 ）2、双宾语变被动语态：如果一个动词带双宾语，在变被动语态时，可将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语不动。但通常是将间接宾语（指人）变为主语。如：He gave me a book yesterday.昨天他给了我一本书。I was given a book by him yesterday.昨天由他给了我一本书。若把直接宾语（指物）改为主语时，应在间接宾语前加介词 to 或 for。A book was given to me by him yesterday.昨天一本书由他给了我。按英语习惯，在- 4 -bring、give、 l
12、end、pass、 sell、show、tell 等动词后通常用 to；在buy、choose、find、get、teach、sing 、make 等动词后用 for 引出间接宾语。I bought her a dictionary.A dictionary was bought for her.（双宾语，很奇特，被动语态有两个，用人简单用物难，难在人前 to, for 添）二、课文知识要点：1、What are the shirts made of?这些衬衫是用什么做的？be made of“由制造的/制作的” （后接原材料，强调物理变化，能看出原材料）The desk is made of
13、 wood.课桌是用木材做的。The bridge is made of stone.这座桥是用石头砌的。注意区别：be made from“由制造的/制作的” （后接原材料，强调化学变化，看不出原材料）Paper is made from wood.纸是用木材造的。The wine is made from wheat.这种酒是用小麦造的。be made by sb.“被制作/制造” （后接人，强调制作人是谁）The chair was made by an old carpenter.那把椅子是一位老木匠做的。be made in “在制作/制造” （后接地点或场所，强调物品的产地）Thi
14、s car is made in Shanghai.这辆车由上海制造。be made into “被制作成/制造成” （后接成品，强调被制作成什么成品）Some of the trees will be made into paper.一些树将被制作成纸。2、glass “玻璃 ”， “玻璃杯 ”， “眼镜”glass 作“ 玻璃”讲时，为不可数名词，没有复数形式，表示数量时用“a piece of”Three pieces of window glass were broken because of strong wind.由于大风，三块窗玻璃打碎了。glass 作 “玻璃杯” ， “眼镜”
15、讲时，为可数名词，复数形式 glassesI could really want a large glass of beer.我真想要一大杯啤酒。I used to drink three glasses of cold water in the morning.我以前早上常喝三杯冷水。I need glasses when I watch television.我看电视时需戴眼镜。3、grass and leaves 草和叶- 5 -leaf “叶，叶子” ，可数名词，复数形式 leaves巧记以 f、fe 结尾的名词构成的复数树叶（leaf ）一 半（half）自己（self）黄，妻子（w
16、ife）拿刀（knife）去收粮，架（shelf ）后窜出一只 狼（wolf） ，就像强盗（thief）逃命 （life ）忙。这九个词变复数时，都是改-f(e)为 ve 再加-s。由 self 构成的复合词，其变化与 self 相同(如： myselfourselves; yourselfyourselves; himself，herself，itselfthemselves)。4、China is famous for tea，right？中国已茶而闻名，对吗？be famous for“因/由于.而闻名”同义词组 be known for，后接出名的原因，后接宾语是主语的所属内容。He
17、is famous for his great inventions. 因为他的伟大发明，他出名了。France is famous for his fine food and wine. 法国的美食和酒是出了名的。The area is famous for its green tea. 这个地区以产绿茶而著称。Lu Xun was famous for his novels. 鲁迅因他的小说而出名。注意与 be famous as 的区别：be famous as“以/作为而出名” ， 前面的主语和后面的名词意思一致，后接宾语是主语的同位成分。Lu Xun was famous as a
18、writer. 鲁迅是位著名的作家。 Hangzhou is famous as a tourist place. 杭州是一个旅游胜地。表示“非常出名”时，常用 be very famous for，be well known for5、Well，as far as I know，tea plants are grown on the sides of mountains. 据我所知,茶植物是生长在山的两侧。as far as “就” ， “据”As far as I know，hell be away for three months. 据我所知， 他将外出三个月。As far as I k
19、now, you are not a quitter. 据我所知，你不是一个放弃的人。As far as I see，there are no mistakes.依我看来，没有什么错。on the sides of 在的边上Is that factory on the side of the river? 那座工厂在河边吗？- 6 -6、When the leaves are ready, they are picked by hand and then are sent for processing. 当叶子成熟了以后，它们就被手工采摘，然后被送去加工。are picked by hand
20、“被手工采摘 ” by hand “用手”He moved the huge stone by hand.他用手移动了那块大石头This handbag is made by hand.这个手提包纯手工制作。process “加工，处理”The fish are processed by freezing.这种鱼经过了冷冻处理。7、The tea is packed and sent to many different countries and places around China. 茶被包装起来，然后被送到中国周边的很多不同的国家和地区。pack v.“包装，装箱 ”We usually
21、 pack shirts in paper bags.我们通常用纸袋包装衬衣。Please dont forget to pack me a razor.请别忘了给我放一把剃须刀进去。pack n.“包” a pack of 一包( 盒,箱,袋)He used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day.他过去经常一天抽一包香烟。8、No matter what you may buy, you might think those products were made in those countries. 无论你可能会买什么，你或许会认为那些产品就产于那些国家。n
22、o matter what 相当于 whatever “无论什么” ，引导让步状语从句。No matter what / Whatever you say, I can not agree with you.无论你说什么，我都不会赞同。No matter what happened, he would not say a word. 不管发生什么情况，他一句话都不肯讲。No matter what you do, dont touch this switch. 无论怎样，都别碰这个按钮。No matter what happens Ill stand by you. 不管发生什么事我都支持你，
23、别怕。She says she11 follow him no matter what he says. 她说不论他怎么说她都要跟他走。类似 no matter what 用法的还有：no matter who=no matter whoever 无论谁 no matter when=no matter whenever 无论什么时间no matter where=no matter wherever 无论在哪里No matter where you go，dont forget your hometown.无论你去哪里，都不要忘记你的家 乡。- 7 -product n.“ 产品、结果，产物
24、”They touted their new product around. 他们四处兜售他们的新产品。The novel is the product of ten years of labor.这部小说是十年努力的产物。9、He realized that Americans can hardly avoid buying products made in China. 他意识到美国人几乎不可避免会买到中国制造的产品。avoid“避免、回避 ”， 后可接名词、代词、动词 ing 形式作宾语，不能接不定式作宾语 He avoided answering my questions. 他避而不答
25、我的问题。It was impossible to avoid being affected. 要想不受影响是不可能的。I think she is avoiding me. 我想她是在躲着我。Try to avoid accidents. 尽量防止发生事故。I avoided him as much as possible. 我尽量避开他。You should avoid such mistakes. 你应当避免这样的错误。10、What language is spoken in Germany? 在德国人们说什么语言？Germany n.德国German n. 德国人；德语 adj.德国
26、的A German speaks German 德国人说德语。注意：词尾为-man 表示某国人的单词复数形式一般是把 man 变成 menan Englishman two Englishmen a Frenchman two Frenchmen但是 German 复数形式是直接加 s a German-two Germans11、Careless driving causes many traffic accidents.粗心驾驶导致很多交通事故。traffic 不可数名词“交通、路上行驶的车辆”There is heavy traffic during the rush hours.上下班
27、时间交通很繁忙。There is little traffic on this road.这条路上行驶的车辆很少。12、1. Laura is trying to find out more about_:劳拉正在试图找出更多关于_ find out “查明，弄清” ；指经过调查、询问等弄清事实的真相。The window is broken. Try to find out who broke it.窗户打破了。尽力找出谁打破的。find 的用法： find found found v 寻找 (1) find sb. doing sth 发现某人做某事 (2) find it + adj.
28、+ to do sth 发现做某事很 find it difficult/ hard to do sth 发现 做某事很困难 - 8 -She found it hard to finish the work by herself.她发现独自完成工作是很难的。find 与 find out 、look forfind v “发现” ，指发现的结果 find out “查明，找到”指经过调查、询问等弄清事实的真相look for“寻找 ”，指找的过程I looked for my pen everywhere , but I couldnt find it. I havent found out
29、 who took it away.13、The international kite festival is held in _every year. 国际风筝节每年在_ 举行。international adj. 国际的 an international sports star an international organization 国际组织hold ( held, held) 多义词， “拥有、抓住、拿住；保持、持有；举行”He always holds a pipe between the teeth.他嘴里总叼着烟斗。to hold someone by the collar 抓
30、住某人的衣领You may hold your opinion, but you have to obey orders.你可以保留你的意见，可你必须执行命令。to hold a barrel of red wine 存了一桶红葡萄酒to hold a meeting 举行一次会议14、Each different part of China has its own special forms of traditional art. 中国每个不同的地方都有各自独特的传统艺术形。its own 它自己的Own n. 自己的 adj. 自己的；特有的（常用于所有格代词后面，加强语气自己的；属于自己
31、的）your own 你自己的 their own 他们自己的 his own 他自己的form n.“ 形式、类型”；“表格”These are two different forms of the same thing.这是同一种事物的两种不同形式。Please fill in the form，giving your name，address and business.请填一下这张表格，写上你的姓名、地址和职业。15、The most common things, from paper to clay to bamboo, are turned into objects of beaut
32、y. - 9 -最为普通的东西，从纸到陶土再到竹子，都变成了精美的物品。 turn into“把变成”Turn the following Chinese into English将下列汉语译成英语。The farmers are turning wasteland into ice fields.农民正把荒地变成稻田。turn v 旋转 转动 turning “路的拐弯处” Take the second turning on the left. 在第二个拐弯处向左拐 turn right/left 向右/左转turn on “打开” ；指把电器，水龙头等打开。 Please turn on
33、 the radio.turn off“关闭” ；指关闭电器、水龙头等。Please remember to turn the light off before leaving home.turn up/down“调大/小（音量） ” turn in 上交 turn over 翻转16、According to Chinese history, sky lanterns were first used by Zhuge Kongming 根据中国历史，天灯是由诸葛孔明首次使用的。according to “根据，按照” ；to 是介词，后跟名词或代词。 according to an lege
34、nd 根据一个神话 according to this article 根据这篇文章 According to the new traffic law, everyone in a car must wear the seat belt. 按照新交通法规，车内每个人都必须系安全带。be used by “ 被 使用”17、He sent them out to ask for help when in trouble .当遇到麻烦时，他放天灯来寻求帮助。 send out “发送，派遣，放出” ；接代词时，放在 out 前面，名词时，放在 out 前后都可以。The sun sends out
35、 light and heat.太阳发出光和热。to send out invitations 发出邀请信 sent out information send 构成的短语：send away 赶走 send for 派人去请 send off 寄出 send out 分发 send up 发射 send sb. sth = send sth to sb. 送给某人某物 （类似的动词有： show (展示， 给看) give (给) lend (借出) offer 提供 return 归还 tell 告诉 ）- 10 -ask for help 请求帮助ask for 请求 要某物 ask sb
36、. about sth 向某人询问关于某事 ask sb. for help 向某人请求帮助 ask sb. (not) to do sth 请求某人做（不要做）某事in trouble 处于困境中 in need 急需 in fact 事实上 in danger. 处于危险中18、They are made of bamboo and covered with paper. 它们是由竹子制成的，并被纸覆盖住。be covered with 被.盖住In the winter, the mountain is covered white snow.冬季，山被冰雪覆盖。cover sth. wi
37、th sth 用某物覆盖某物Cover the table with a cloth.19、When the lanterns are lit, they slowly rise into the air like small hot-air balloons for all to see.当灯笼被点亮的时候，它们像一个小气球一样慢慢升向天空，让所有的人都能看见。light 动词“点燃” ；过去式、过去分词 lighted 或 lit. lit the candle light 其他意义：(1) adj. “明亮的，浅色的 ”；反义词 dark light green (2) adj. “轻的
38、” = not heavy 反义词 heavy (3) n 灯 turn off the light (4)不可数名词 “光”rise (rose; risen) “增加，提高，增强，上升，升起 ”The sun rises in the east.太阳在东方升起。The population of the city has risen to five million.该市人口已增加到五百万。The waters continue to rise as more than 1,000 people are evacuated.水面持续上涨，已经有 1,000 多人被疏散了。The price rises .物价上涨。The river rose by two inches this morning.今天早晨河水上涨了两英寸。20、The paper, usually red, is folded before it is cut with scissors.
