1、1定语从句一、定义及相关术语1、定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3、关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 when, where, why 等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A 、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。二、关系代词引导的定语从句1、who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from C
2、lass One. 2、whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.【注意】关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3、which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. This is the pen ( which ) he
3、bought yesterday. 4、that 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于 which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 注：that 与 which 用法区别(1
4、)只 用 which, 不 用 that 的 情 况 (a) 在 引 导 非 限 定 性 定 语 从 句 时 ,只 能 用 which。 (错 )The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介 词 后 用 which, 不 能 用 that。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (2) 只 能 用 that 作 为 定 语 从 句 的
5、 关 系 代 词 的 情 况 (a) 在 there be 句 型 中 ， 只 用 that， 不 用 which。 2(b) 在 不 定 代 词 ， 如 ： anything, nothing, the one, all, little, few, much 等 作 先 行 词 时 ，只 用 that， 不 用 which。 (c) 先 行 词 有 the only, the very, the same, the last, just 修 饰 时 ， 只 用 that。 (d) 先 行 词 为 序 数 词 、 数 词 、 形 容 词 最 高 级 时 ， 只 用 that,不 能 用 whi
6、ch。 . (e) 先 行 词 既 有 人 ， 又 有 物 时 。 (f) 先 行 词 指 物 ， 在 主 句 中 作 表 语 时 举 例 ： Is this the book that you borrowed in the library? 这 是 你 在 图 书 馆 借 的 那 本 书 吗 ？ Who that break the window should be punished 谁 打 碎 了 窗 户 都 要 受 到 惩 罚 All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所 需 的 只 是 供 油 问 题 。 Finally, the thief ha
7、nded everything that he had stolen to the police. 那 贼 最 终 把 偷 的 全 部 东 西 交 给 了 警 察 。5、Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 【注意】指物时，常用下列结构来代替：the+n.+of+ whichThe classroom whose door is broken will soon be r
8、epaired.= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?= Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 6. 五、关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1、as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。He married her, as
9、 / which was natural. He is honest, as / which we can see. 2、as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 3which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。As is known to all, China is a developing country. He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times,
10、 which I dont believe. 【注意】 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用 which。Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 当先行词受 such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用 as。He is not such a fool as he looks. This is the same dictionary as I
11、lost last week. 二、关系副词引导的定语从句1、when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this schoolThe time when we got together finally arrived. 2、where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 注：当先行词是 case， point,
12、stage, situation 等表示状况，阶段，某方面的词时也要用where3、why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 【注意】关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。关 系 副 词 =介 词 +关 系 代 词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ . w
13、hich (介词同先行词搭配)Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 三、 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.= The school in which he once stu
14、died is very famous. Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.= Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.= This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 4【注意】1、含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在
15、短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）2、若介词放在关系
16、代词前，关系代词指人时只可用 whom，不可用 who 和 that；关系代词指物时只可用 which，不可用 that。关系代词是所有格时用 whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)The plane in that we flew to Canada
17、 was really comfortable. (误)3、 “介词+关系代词”前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代词或者数词。He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 四、关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的
18、成分） 。试比较：I know a place where we can have a picnic. I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.课堂训练一、单项选择1、Stephen Hawking believes that earth is
19、unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose 2、Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which3、The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training
20、 centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. A where B who C which D what4、Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. A. that B. which C. whose D. What5、Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which
21、6、Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?You should try the barbers I go. Its only 15. A. as B. which C. where D. that7、After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling， turned out 5to be a wise decisionAthat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere8、 As a child , Jack studied in a vill
22、age school ,_ is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that 9、The newly built caf, the walls of_ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. A. that B. it C. what D. which 10、The old temple _ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair
23、. A. where B. which C. its D. Whose11、I refuse to accept the blame for something _was someone elses fault. A. who B. that C. as D. what13、Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. whose C. which D. that 14、In china, the number of cities is increasing _de
24、velopment is recognized across the world. A. where B. which C. whose D. that15、The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village homes for a better life in the city. Awhom Bwhich Cthem Dthose16、Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who
25、B. which C. when D. that 17、She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.A. them B. who C. whom D. these18、Because of the financial crisis, days are gone local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.A. if B. when C. which D. since19、Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which 20、The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
