1、1高中英语新课标必修五unit 1 知识点 Great scientists一、知识点1. Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that heips them float?哪位科学家发现了水里的东西被帮助以浮动的力举起？in water 定语，修饰 objects, a force 之后又跟了个 that 引导的定语从句。lift up 拿起，举起，升起He lift up his little son, and mounted him on the horse. 他把小儿子举起来，
2、让他骑在马背上。To call back the boy from a distance, the father had to lift up his voice.为了把儿子从远处叫回来，父亲不得不提高嗓子喊。2. Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children? 谁用豌豆显示了身体特征是如何从父母传延到孩子的？A characteristic of the camel is its ability to live for a long time witho
3、ut water. 骆驼的特点是不喝水也能活很长时间。with his characteristic enthusiasm 以他特有的热忱The letter passed from one to another until everyone had read it. 那封信逐一传阅，直到每个人都看过为止。According to her will, when the old lady dies, her money will pass to her grandson. 根据老太太的遗瞩,她去世时,她的钱将遗留给她的孙子。3. Who put forward a theory about bl
4、ack holes? 谁提出了关于黑洞的理论？put forward 提出建议，拨快(钟等) .They put forward some new ideas on the subject.他们对这个问题提出了一些新的见解。put 的常用词组有：put aside 节省（钱、时间） ；储蓄；把放在一边 put away 储存（钱） ；放好 put back 拨慢；搁置 put down 放下；记下；击败；使（飞机）着陆； put off 延期；推迟 put on 上演；穿上；戴上 put out 熄灭；关掉；扑灭 put through 接通电话；完成 put up with 忍受；忍耐 pu
5、t into action/effect/practice 实施；实行4. What do you know about infectious diseases such as cholera?关于传染病你了解什么，比如霍乱？Colds are infectious, and so are some eye diseases. 感冒是传染的 ,有些眼病也是传染的。Its more useful to learn modern languages, such as English and German. 学习英语和德语等现代语言有用。5. so famous, indeed, that he a
6、ttended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies.他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女皇的私人医生Which doctor is attending you? 哪一个医生为你看病?attend a meeting lecture出席会议 听演讲, 听课attend a wedding a funeral参加婚礼葬礼attend school church上学教堂ease 用作动词，意思是“减轻；消除；舒缓；放松” ，表示消除某人的痛苦时用结构 “ease sb. of sth.”；也可以用作名词，意为“舒适；自在；不拘束；容易” 。
7、These pills will ease the headache. 这些药丸会减轻头疼。Walking helped to ease him of his pain. 他散了散步减轻了一些痛苦。Her words gave ease to my distracted mind. 我心神不宁，她的话使我宽心。ease 作名词时的常见搭配：at ease 放松；自如；不拘束 be/feel at ease 感到舒适 ill at ease 不自在；感到拘束 put/set sb. at ones ease 使某人感到舒适、不拘束 with ease 容易地；无困难地The doctor gav
8、e him some painkillers to ease the pain. 医生给了他一些止疼片以减缓疼痛。I dont feel at ease in the strange place.在这个陌生的地方，我觉得很不自在。26. people exposed to cholera. 得了霍乱的老百姓是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 people。相当于定语从句 which were exposed to cholera。expose 的意思是“暴露；揭露；使曝光” ，常与介词 to 连用，表示“使暴露于（日光、风雨等） ；受到风险；使面临”的意思。The soil was washed
9、away by the flood, exposing bare rock. 泥土被洪水冲走，露出光秃秃的石头。The baby was left exposed to the wind and rain.婴儿被弃于风雨之中。The soldiers in the open field are exposed to the enemys fire. 空地里的士兵暴露于敌人的火力之下。7. the most deadly disease in its day.在当时是最致命的疾病deadly adj.致命的, 势不两立的 , 死一般的, 极度的, 必定的adv.如死一般地, 极度地；非常地Fog
10、 is the sailors deadly enemy. 雾是航海者最致命的敌人。deadly serious. 极其严重8. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. 每当（疾病）突发时，总有成千的人死去。本句是一个复合句，every time 引导的是一个时间状语从句，意思是 “每当” ，相当于“when ”。 另外，此状语从句中还有一个“there be”结构。类似用法的副词和短语有“directly（一就）, immediately（一就）, instantly（一就）,
11、the minute（一 就）, the moment（一就）, the second（一就）, each (every) time（每当）, next time（下次时）, the last time（上次时）等。She went to see him directly she got the letter. 她一收到信就去他了。Immediately the meal was over, he switched on the radio.饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。She came to the scene the moment she heard of the accident.她一听说发
12、生了事故，就立刻到现场来了。The last time we talked he said he needed another two days.上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。9. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病毒引入体内的。I suggest that you did not catch the 8 oclock train, but that you caught the 8.25 train. 你没有搭
13、 8 点钟的火车,而是搭的 8 点 25 分的车。He suggested going out for a walk.= He suggested that we (should)go out for a walk. 他建议出去走走。absorb 的意思是“吸收；吸引；使专心；合并；吞并” ，常用 be absorbed in sth.表示“专心于某事” 。Clever children absorb knowledge easily. 聪明孩子容易吸收知识。Aspirin is quickly absorbed by /into the body. 阿司匹林很快被身体吸收了。He is ab
14、sorbed in his business. 他专心致志的处理业务。be absorbed by 被吞并；为所吸收 absorb into 吞并；吸到 absorb ones attention 吸引某人注意 absorb ones time 占用某人的时间10. the affected person 患者 be affected by heat cold 中暑 着凉He was deeply affected by my words. 他听了我的话很受感动。11. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, John Snow was rea
15、dy to test these two theories.因此，在 1854 年伦敦再次爆发霍乱的时候，约翰斯诺着手准备对此进行调研。be ready to do sth 乐于做，准备做We were all hit by the depression. 我们都受到了不景气的影响。Price increases hit everyones pocket. 物价上涨冲击了每个人的钱袋。Strike waves hit several Western European countries. 罢工的浪潮袭击了好几个西欧国家。12. the cholera outbreak was so sever
16、e that more than 500 people had died in 10 days.霍乱流行得很严重，在 10 天之内就死去了 500 多人。severe 用作形容词，当它的意思为 “严重的；严肃的”时，和 serious 相近；当它的意思为“严厉的；严格的”时，与 strict 相近，常用结构 be severe on(upon)/with sb.表示“对某人严厉或严格” ；此外它还有“剧烈的；尖锐的；朴素的”的意思。 The drought is becoming increasingly severe. 旱灾日趋严重。He is severe with his childre
17、n. 和对子女很严格。3You are too severe on (upon) the boy. 你对那个男孩太严厉了。I felt a severe pain in the chest. 我感到胸口剧烈疼痛。表示“伤势严重”要用 severe，不用 serious； 但指“疾病严重”时，两者都可与 illness 连接。She received severe head injuries in the accident.在事故中她的头部受了重伤。 （此句不可用 serious）I was laid up for six weeks with a severe/serious illness.
18、由于重病，我卧床六个星期。13. The map gave a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.这张地图提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。valuable 的意思是“贵重的；有很大价值的；有用的；有帮助的” ，其名词形式为 value。I have a valuable collection of painting. 我有一批很有价值的画。This book is valuable to /for students of English. 这本书对学英语的学生很用。valuable, valueless, invaluable,
19、priceless 与 worthless 的用法区别：(1)valuable, priceless, invaluable 这三个词意思一样，都表示“贵重的；无价的”的意思。priceless 意思为“无价的；价值连城的” ，用于加强语气，加深程度等情况；比 valuable 的程度更强。invaluable 的意思是“无法估价的；无价的” ，不用于形容价值或金钱，而是指质或品质。(2)valueless, worthless 这两个词意思一样，表示“无价值的，无用的”的意思，worthless 是个常用词，valueless很少用。The jewel is of great value,
20、and it is priceless. 这珠宝很有价值，是无价之宝。This ancient gold coin isnt just valuable, its priceless.这枚古代金币不仅贵重，而且价值连城。Your advice is invaluable to us. 你的建议对我们来说是非常珍贵的。The drawing is of no value, and it is worthless. 这画没有价值，它没有用。It looked like gold, but in fact it was worthless (valueless). 这看起来像金子，其实毫无价值。14
21、. It seemed the water was to blame. 看来水是罪魁祸首。blame 用作动词，意为“责备；责怪；归咎于”的意思。常用结构为 blame sb for sth./blame sth on sb (把某事归咎于某人)，be to blame for sth(应受责备；对某坏事应负责任)，此句就使用这种结构。Dont blame it on him, but on me. 别怪他，该怪我。They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan. 他们怪罪秘书造成计划延误。The driver was not to bl
22、ame for the traffic accident.那次交通事故不应该责怪司机。blame 也可用作名词，意为“责任；责怪” 。常见搭配有：bear/take/accept/get the blame for sth.（对某事承担责任），lay/put the blame for sth on sb（把某事归咎于某人） 。We should take the blame for our failure. 我们应该承担失败的责任。We shouldnt lay the blame for our failure on him. 我们不应该把失败归咎于他15. look into the s
23、ource of the water调查水源 look into 调查，观察16. slow down （使）慢下来，放慢速度，减速17. in addition 另外,加之,此外，可以用在句子开头，可以用于句末。和 besides 意思相同，但 besides 不能用在句尾。In addition, there was a crop failure in many provinces.此外，许多省份粮食歉收。The man worked him sixteen hours a day and beat him in addition. 那人让他每天工作 16 小时，而且还打他。(2)in a
24、ddition to 的意思是“除了外（还有） ”，可用于句首，也可置于句子后部，相当于 besides, apart from。In addition to giving him some advice, I gave him thirty dollars. 我向他提出忠告，又给了他 30 美元。He can get twenty dollars extra income every month in addition to his salary.除工资外，他每月还可得到 20 美元的收入。18. be linked to 与有关联link 在此句中用作动词,意为“连接；联系” ，常用结构
25、link to/with 意思是“将和连接或联系起来” ，link up 意为“连接或连接起来” ；也可用作名词，意为“ 环；连接；联系；纽带” 。The highway links Shanghai to/with Beijing. 这条公路连接上海和北京。A railway links up the two towns.这两个城镇由一条铁路连接起来。Your story links up with his. 你所说的和他所说得能联系的起来。4A lot of links fitted together form a chain. 许多链环连在一起组成链条。Old friends are a
26、 link with the past. 老朋友是连接往事的纽带。(1)join 指的是任何事物的直接连接，连接的程度可紧可松，还能分开之意。常用结构 jointo, join up。(2)connect 指的是通过某种媒介物把事物连接起来，事物的特征还保持，常表示与技术有关的连接和火车、飞机等实行联运。常用结构 connectwith/to。(3)combine 着重指两个或两个以上的人或事物为了共同目的而结合在一起，结合后原来部分可能仍不改变或失其本性，常用结构 combinewith。(4)unite 强调紧密地结成一体，含极难分开之意,常用结构 unitewith。Please joi
27、n this pole to that one. 请把这根竿子和那根竿子接起来。This flight connects with New York one. 这班飞机在纽约可接上另一班机。We should combine theory with practice. 我们应该理论联系实际。The two big companies plan to unite. 两家大公司计划联合起来。19. she had had it delivered from the pump to her house 她派人从水泵打水运到家里。deliver sth. to sb. 把某物交付给某人 deliver
28、 a message 带信 , 传话20. With this extra evidence, John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the disease. 有了这个提别的证据，约翰斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。The captain announced that the plane was going to land. 机长宣布飞机就要着陆了。It can be said with certainty that English is pretty importa
29、nt nowadays.可以肯定地说，英语在当今社会里相当重要。21. To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined and new methods of dealing with polluted water be found. 为了防止这种情况的再度发生，约翰斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测并且要找到处理污水的新方法。To prevent 为表示目的的不定式短语；prevent(from) doing sth 意为“阻止做某事
30、” ，其中 prevent 可与 stop, keep 互换；suggest 表示“建议”的，其宾语从句的谓语用 “should +动词原形” ，句中的 should 被省略了。22. The water companies were also instructed not to expose people to polluted water anymore.自来水公司也接到指令，不能在让人们接触被污染的水了。instruct 意思为 “命令；指示；嘱咐；吩咐；教导（教授知识或技术） ；训练” 。其名词形式为 instructor（教员；教练）和 instruction（命令；指示；说明） 。
31、The teacher instructed him to start early. 老师命令他早动身Ive been instructed to wait here until the lecturer arrives.我得到指示在这儿等到讲课老师到来。He instructs a class in history. 他教授一个班的历史（instruct in ）Read the instructions on the pocket. 看一下袋子上的说明。辨析 instruct, order, demand 和 direct ：instruct 指出正确的方式以教导； order 意为“命令
32、” ； demand 指强烈地“要求” ；direct 表示“指示；期望；服从 ”。23. be similar to 与相似，类似What I am going to say to you would be similar to what you are going to tell me. 我想对你说的话，类似于你想对我说的话.24. conclude 用作动词，意为“结束；推论；推断” ，常用 conclude by doing/with sth. 表示“以而结束” ；conclude from 表示“从推出结论”的意思，to conclude 表示“最后”的意思，相当于意思名词短语 in
33、 conclusion。He concluded his speech with/by reading a poem. 他朗诵一首诗结束了他的演讲。What do you conclude from these facts. 从这些事实中你得出什么结论？The doctor concluded that the patients disease was cancer. 医生断定病人患的是癌症。To conclude/in conclusion, I wish you all good health and a long life. 最后,祝大家健康长寿。draw( arrive at/come
34、 to /reach )a conclusion “得出结论” ，jump to a conclusion 意为“草率地得出结论 ”，conclusion 后可接 that 从句。25. contribute 的意思是“捐赠；贡献；投稿；提供” 。常用短语 contribute to 意思是“有助于；有益于；促成” 。其名词为 contribution 意思是 “捐献： 贡献： 投稿” ，常用 make a contribution to/towards，表示“对作5贡献”的意思。Everyone should contribute three dollars to the Red Cross
35、. 每位工人捐了 3 美元给红十字会。Everyone should contribute what he or she can afford. 人人都应该尽自己的能力做贡献。Ive been asked to contribute an article to the language magazine. 有人请我给那份语言杂志撰篇稿。Fresh air and exercise contribute to good health. 新鲜空气和锻炼有益与健康。Does smoking contributed to lung cancer？吸烟会导致肺癌吗？He made an outstand
36、ing contribution to science. 他对科学作出了卓越的贡献。26. apart from 除 以外(except for)；除外，还有(besides)Apart from being short, Tom is smart. 除了个子矮了点，Tom 还是挺帅气的。Apart from the cost, it will take a lot of time. 除了花费钱以外，它还需要不少时间。27. 由 make 构成的词组1）be made up of 组成Two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oce
37、an2）make a bargain with sb : 与某人成交3）make a decision 做出决定We must look ahead before we make a decision.4）make a difference 有影响, 起(重要)作用5）make a dive for 向猛冲The dog made a dive for the bone6）make a face 做鬼脸The student made a face when the teacher turned back.7）make a fire 生火8) make a living 谋生He began
38、to make a living by himself when he was ten9）make a promise 许诺言Father made a promise to buy me a new computer10）make an apology to 向道歉He apologizedmade an apology to her11）make for 走向，前往They set off by car and made for the nearest town12) make friends 交朋友13) make it 成功，及时达到After hard-workingwe made
39、it at last14) make money 赚钱To make money in the new era, follow the flow of information.15) make ones way 排除困难前进After the film ended we made our way out of cinema16)make out 认出，理解We made out a figure in the darknessIts difficult to make out his ideas17）make progress 进步With the teachers help，I have m
40、ade much progress18) make repairs 修理They are making repairs in that building19) make room for 给腾地方Would you like to make room for the old lady?20) make sure21) make the bed622)make the best of 尽量利用Mother didnt enjoy his job，but she made the best of it23）make up 组成；化妆；打扮；补充；弥补；编造；捏造Great Britain and
41、Northern Ireland make up the United KingdomIt took her more than one hour to make up for the partyOur losses have to be made up with more loans The whole story is made up24）make up for 弥补We must make up for the time wasted before25）make up one s mind 下决心I have made up my mind to work harder than bef
42、ore26）make use of 利用We should make full use of the books in the library28. all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion 他所有的数学计算都得出了相同的结论。lead to 导致；引向；通往 The road leads to the foot of the hill. 这条路通往山脚下。29. Only if you put the sun there did the moments of the other planets in the sk
43、y make sense.只有你把太阳放在那儿，天空中其它行星的运动才能说地清楚。以 only 引导的短语作状语或状语从句放在句首时，为了加强语气，句子需要部分倒装。Only by working hard can we succeed. 只有通过努力工作，我们才能取得成功。 make sense 讲得通；有道理 Your story doesnt make sense to me. 你编的故事我听不明白。如果想表示某人所说的话或提议，没道理、行不通。我们经常说：It doesnt make any sense.30. The problem arose because astronomers
44、 had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. 问题产生了，因为天文学家以前发现过，天上有些行星停顿下来，往后移动，然后再成环状向前移动。arise vi 出现；发; 生起来；站起 That question did not arise. 那个问题没有出现。I arose early in the morning.我每天早上起得很早Accidents arise from carelessness. 疏忽大意往往会引起事故的发生。aris
45、e from 由.而引起, 由.而产生; 从.中产生arise out of 由.而引起, 由.而产生; 从.中产生31. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. 其它行星有时看上去亮些，有时又不怎么亮。第一个 others 表示 other planets, 第二个 others 表示 other timesat times 有时；不时 I do feel a little nervous at times. 我有时的确感到有点紧张 与 time 相关的词组at one time 意为“一度；过去曾经” ，用于
46、一般过去时态；at a time 意为“一次；每次；在某个时候” ；at all times 意为“一直；无论何时” ，相当于 at any time; always。32. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete. 于是，他在 1510 至 1514 年期间从事这项研究，逐步修改他的理论，直到他感到完善时为止。work on 对起作用；对 发生影响；向 做工作；使兴奋；左右His work on the cause of the
47、 diseases is of premier importance to the whole world.他的病理研究工作对全世界至关重要。33. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun他还提出地球在围绕太阳转的同时，它本身还自转，34. His friends were entusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. 他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的思想公诸于世，而他却小心谨慎。
48、The retired worker is very enthusiastic about neighbourhood affairs. 这个退休工人对里弄工作非常热心。The schoolboys are more cautious not to make any mistakes in spelling than ever before. 男学生们在拼写时比以前更加小心,以避免发生错误。35. Yet Copernicus theory is now the base on which all our ideas of the universe are built. 然而哥白尼的理论却是我
49、们宇宙观赖以建立的基础。736. If you were Nicolaus Copernicus, would you have hidden your theory for so many years? 如果你是哥白尼，你会把你的力量掩藏很多年么？37. He has done many years of observations to prove his new theory is true. 他做了多年的观察工作来证实他的新理论是真的。a man of no observation 没有观察力的人 carry out observations 进行观察38. somebody elses point of view 别人的观点39. hold discussions 进行讨论40. make choices 做出选择41. You may argue with
