1、 初中英语词性讲解 1初中英语词性的讲解英语词性:十大类1. 名词 n. 如:Alice China book orange glass2. 动词 v. 如:am speak spell live (in) write (to)3. 形容词 adj. 如:tall heavy popular windy relaxed4. 副词 adv. 如:quickly loudly really never hardly5. 冠词 art. 如: a an the6. 代词 pron. 如: I them your ours himself ourselves something nobody who
2、both each every7. 连词 conj. 如: and but or so though8. 介词 prep. 如: in with of near beside about9. 叹词 interj. 如:oh hi hello dear 10. 数词 num. 如:one twelve first second third ninth twelfth twentieth一名词:1. 含义:表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。2. 分类:专有名词和普通名词3. 可数名词的单数表达法:一般可用 a, an 来修饰 ,表示数量“一” ;注意: 在辅音发音开头的单词前用 a;
3、 在元音发音开头的单词前用 an ;如: a car a book a key a ruler a dictionary a boy a peacock an orange an eraser an egg an apple an hour an umbrella 请区别:a useful machine(一部有用的机器) a U u an H an hour4. 可数名词的复数的变化规则;(1) 一般在复数名词后加“s”: 如: dog dogs book books (2) 以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾的名词加“es ”:box boxes watch watches(3)以辅音字母加 y
4、 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i 加“es” : country countries factory factories dictionarydictionaries请区别:如果是元音字母加 y 结尾的名词则只须加“s”如:boy boys monkey monkeys key-keys(4) 以 o 结尾的名词加“s ” :A: 没有生命的物体加“s”:radioradios zoozoos piano-pianos photophotosB: 有生命的物体加“es” : potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes hero-heroes 英雄 NegroNegroes 黑人(5
5、) 以 f、fe 结尾的名词,变 f、fe 为 v 再加“es ” : halfhalves shelfshelves knifeknives leafleaves 5. 可数名词复数的不规则变化:man-men womanwomen toothteeth footfeet goosegeese mousemiceChinese-Chinese Japanese Japanese deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep a man doctor men doctors a woman teacher-women teachers注意:German-Germans(德国人
6、 )6. 不可数名词的表达:物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of 来表示一张,一块.: a piece of 一片.: a slice of 一杯(玻璃杯).: a glass of一杯(咖啡杯).:a cup of 一碗.: a bowl of 一盒.: a box of一套(书,西装等),一串(钥匙等): a set of 一篮子.:a basket of初中英语词性讲解 2一公斤.:a kilo of 一听.: a tin of 一瓶子.: a bottle of 一袋.: a bag of注意:它们的复数,直接在量的单位后面加 s, es 等,不可数名词后不能加如:3 杯牛奶 th
7、ree glasses of milk7. 名词的所有格:名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式:A. 在名词后+s; B. 用 of, 表示 “的”;1). Mr. Mott s robot childrens clothes teachers books2). Lucy and Lilys room. (指两人共住一个房间) 3). Mrs Greens and Mrs Browns sons. (指两人各自的儿子 )4). 没有生命的事物一般用 of 短语来表示所属关系。eg. the wall of the classroom8. 有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相
8、互转化。同一个词,但意思不同:(1) glass(玻璃) a glass( 玻璃杯) paper(纸) a paper( 报纸) work(工作) a work(著作) room(空间) a room(房间)(2) fruit(水果) fruits (各种水果 ) fish(鱼) fishes( 各种鱼)hair(所有头发) hairs (几根头发) time(时间) times(时代)二. 代词一含义:用来代替名词或名词短语的词。二分类:按 意 义 特 征 和 语 法 功 能 可 分 为 人 称 代 词 、 物 主 代 词 、 反 身 代 词 、相互代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代
9、词、关系代词等 9 类。三分类讲解:1. 人称代词:形 式主 语 I you he she it we you( 你 们 ) they宾 语 me you him her it us you( 你 们 ) them2、 人 称 代 词 的 用 法用法口诀: 人称代词分两格,主格宾格来分说;主格定把主语作,宾格作宾不会错。 1). 主格在句中作主语时,一般放在谓语动词之前:如:I am Chinese. 我是中国人。 We are good friends.我们是好朋友。He often plays basketball on the playground.他经常在操场上打篮球。2). 宾格作宾
10、语。放在及物动词或介词之后,有时在口语中,可以作表语;如:I dont know her. (动宾) 我不认识她。 Mr.Wang teaches us English. (动宾) 王老师教我们英语。Let me help you. (动宾) 让我来帮你。Whats wrong with him? (介宾) Open the door, please! Its me. (作表语)3). 人称代词并列用法的排列顺序:A:单数人称代词做主语时,排列顺序:第二人称 -第三人称-第一人称;如:You and I ; He ,she and I ; You, he ,she , it and I 请翻译
11、:我,你和她都是好朋友。.You, she and I are good friends.B: 复数人称代词做主语时,排列顺序:第一人称-第二人称-第三人称;如:We and you ; You and they; We , you and they请翻译:我们,你们和他们都喜欢音乐。We, you and they all like music.注意:当 I 与其他词语一起并列作主语时, I 要放在后面,但承认错误时, I 要放在前面如:She and I are in the same school.她和我在同一个学校。I and he make mistakes.我和他犯了错误。初中英语
12、词性讲解 33. 物主代词的用法:用法口诀:物主代词两类型,形容词性、名词性。形容词性作定语,后面定把名词用。名词性、独立用,主宾表语它都充。形容词性的物主代词:my our your your his her its theirs名词性的物主代词: mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs1). 形容词性物主代词在句只用作定语;起形容词的作用,用在名词前。 例:1) This is my book. 这是我的书。 2)We love our motherland. 我们热爱我们的祖国。2). 名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,起名词的作用;相当于省略了中
13、心名词的 -s 属格结构,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用 of 作定语。A. 作主语:如: May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。b. 作宾语:如:I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。c. 作介词宾语:如:Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours. 你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
14、d. 作主语补语:如:The life I have is yours. Its yours. Its yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。3). 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 如:Those volleyballs are theirs. = They are their volleyballs.4). 为避免重复使用名词,有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。 例:My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink. 注意:为避免重复使用 bag,可写成
15、:My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink.4. 指示代词: this these that those1).it, one, that 作代词的区别it 指上文提到过的事物。 one 泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个。that 常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,避免重复.2).it 的几种特殊用法有时用来代替小孩和婴儿。Whos this boy in the picture? Its me.不知姓名或是谁时。Who is it at the door? Its Jim.作形式宾语或形式主语时 Its eas
16、y to climb the hill.I found it interesting to learn English.5.不定代词只修饰可数名词: many, a number of the number of few, a few只修饰不可数名词: much , little , a little初中英语词性讲解 4修饰可数名词、不可数名词: a lot of= lots of some any重点一:a number of , the number of 的区别A:a number of +名词复数做主语时,谓语动词用复数。= many 许多B:the number of +名词复数做主
17、语时,谓语动词用单数。意思为:.的数量_ the students in our class is 54. _ students are planting trees. _ workers in that factory are women workers._ the teachers in our school is very large. 重点二:few, a few, little, a little 的区别 : A:little , a little 修饰不可数名词,little 表否定含义,a little 表肯定含义;B:few, a few 修饰可数名词,few 表否定含义; a
18、 few 表肯定含义; There are _ minutes left. Be quick. Dont worry. I have _ money here. There is _ mutton left. Lets go to buy some.重点三: some, any 的区别some: 一般用于肯定句中,any: 用于否定句和疑问句中;I have _ books, but I dont have _ pens. There is not _ meat in my bowl. There is _ chicken in it.some 有时也可用于疑问句中,表示劝告请求或建议。any
19、 用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个”Would you like some tea? May I ask you some questions?You can borrow any of the three books. Would you mind giving me some water?6. 复合不定代词指人-肯定句: someone somebody everyone everybody 否定或疑问句: anyone anybody通用: everyone everybody nobody no one 指物-肯定句: something 否定或疑问句: anything通用: every
20、thing nothing重点:由 every, some, any, no 与 thing, body, one 构成的复合不定代词A. 做主语,谓语动词用单数;B. 如:Everyone is here. 每个人都在这儿。Somebody gets tired. 有人累了。No one knows the news. 没有人知道这个消息C. 有形容词要修饰不定代词时,要后置。如:I have nothing important to tell you. 我没什么重要的告诉你。Lets do something interesting . 我们做点有趣的事吧。7. 反身代词: 反身代词表自身
21、,句中可作两成分:表示强调同位语,宾语动作回自身。单数: myself yourself himself herself itself 复数: Ourselves yourselves themselves注意:反身代词有以下常见搭配:1)enjoy oneself,-玩得高兴,过得愉快如:We enjoyed ourselves at the party last Sunday. 上周日我们在晚会上玩得很高兴。2)help oneself to,-随便吃. 如:Help yourself to some fish. 请随便吃鱼啊。初中英语词性讲解 53 teach oneself - 自学
22、如:He teaches himself English. 他自学英语。如:Let Tony do it by himself. He is no longer a kid. 让 Tony 一人做吧,他不再是一个孩子了。5) make oneself at home 使自己像在家一样如:“Make yourselves at home.“ he said to his friends. 他对他的朋友们说:“把这儿当自己家一样啊。 ”6)lose oneself in - 沉迷于.如:Dont lose yourselves in computer games, boys. 孩子们,不要沉迷于电
23、子游戏。三. 冠词1. 含义: 它是一个虚词,须置于名词之前,限定名词的定 义,表示名词所表示的人或物;2. 分类: a.不定冠词(a ,an ) b. 定冠词(the) c.零冠词(即在某些场合不使用冠词) ;3. 关于 a 和 an:A:当单词的发音的第一个音节是辅音或半元音音标前使用 a,B:当单词的发音的 第一个音节是元音音标 前使用 an;A:a 和 an 的用法:l)表示数量有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有 one 强。如:I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.2)第一次提到某人或某物,不定冠词起介绍作用。如:Yesterday I saw an o
24、ld man. Hes Toms father.3)表示某个人或事物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:A boy was waiting for you.4)表示人或事物的某一类。如:Pass me an apple, please5)表示“每一”的意思,相当于 every。如: Mr. Green goes to the cinema once a weekB:定冠词的基本用法 定冠词用法有规律, 防止遗志很容易。 特指双方都熟悉, 上文已经被提及。世上无二仅独一, 序数词和最高级。山河海岛建筑物, 姓氏复数奏乐器。少数形表人一类, 方位名词须牢记。普构专有惯用词, 试用此诀有效率。l)特指某人
25、或某物。如:The book on the desk is mine2)指双方都知道的人或事物。如:Where are the new books ,Jim?3)指上文提到过的人或物。如:There is an old woman standing there. The old woman looked worried.4)用在世上独一无二的事物名词前。如:the sun, the sky, the earth, the world, etc.5)用在序数词和形容词最高级前。如:The third one is carrying the fewest of all.6)用在山脉、江河、海洋、岛
26、等名词前。如:the Himalaya Mountains, the Yellow River, the Red Sea, the Taiwan Island, etc.7)用在某些建筑物名词前。如:the White House, the Great Hall of the People初中英语词性讲解 68)用在姓氏复数形式之前,表示 “某某一家”或“某某夫妇” 。如:the Greens, the Blacks, etc.9)用在乐器名词前。如:the piano, the violin, etc.10)用在少数名词化的形容词前表示一类人或事物。如:the old, the poor,
27、the blind, etc.11)用在表示方向位置的名词前。如:in the east, on the right, in the centre, etc.12)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the Peoples Republic of China, etc.13)用在某些习惯用语中。如:in the morning, by the way, look the same, etc.C:零冠词的基本用法:下列情况不用冠,名词之前代词限;专有名词不可数,球类学科与三餐;复数名词表泛指,节日月份星期前;颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。1)名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词或不定代词等限定
28、词。如:The letter is in her bag.I have some questions.2)专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词等不可数名词前。如:China,water,music, etc3)球类活动、学科名词、一日三餐前。如:We have English and math every day4)复数名词表示泛指。如:They are workers5)节日、星期、月份、季节名称前。如:June 1 is Childrens Day6)表示颜色、语言、称呼语和官职、头衔的名词前。如:Headmaster Li came to Class One just now.7)某些固定词组或
29、习惯用语中。如:at night, go to school, by bus, day and night 日日夜夜) ,brother and sister,hour after hour,here and there(到处) ,on time (准时), on duty, at noon, on foot, in autumn .D:定冠不定冠 意思差千万!有些名词前用冠词或不用冠词,其意义有所不同at table 在吃饭- at the table 在桌子旁 in class 在上课-in the class 在班级中go to school 去上学 - go to the school
30、 到那所学校去go to bed 上床睡觉 - go to the bed 到床那边去in front of 在 的前面 - in the front of 在的前部in hospital 生病住院 - in the hospital 在那家医院in bed 生病卧床 - in the bed 在床上 by sea 乘船 - by the sea 在海边on earth 究竟 - on the earth 在地球上,在世上on horseback 骑着马 - on the horseback 在马背上out of question 毫无疑问 - out of the question 不可能的
31、,办不到的next year 明年 - the next year 第二年初中英语词性讲解 7a teacher and writer 一位教师兼作家(一个人)a teacher and a writer 一位教师和一位作家(两个人)四. 介词A. 含义:又称前置词,是一种虚词。介词不能单独做句子成分。介词后须接宾语,介词与其宾语构成介词短语。B:介词从其构成来看可以分为:1、简单介词(Simple prepositions ) 如:at ,by, for, in, from, since, through 等; 2、复合介词(Compound prepositions) 如:onto, ou
32、t of, without, towards 等;3、短语介词(phrasal prepositions) because of, instead of, on account of, in spite of, in front of;4、二重介词(double prepositions) 如:from behind, from under, till after 等;5、分词介词(verbal prepositions ) 如:during, concerning, excepting, considering, past 等。常见介词的基本用法1、with 和一起, 拿着如:Would y
33、ou like to go to the cinema with me?The teacher came into the classroom with a book in her hand. 2、 about 关于如:Do you know something about Tom?What about this coat?(怎么样)= How about this coat?3、 after 在 之后如:Im going to see you after supper.Tom looked after his sick mother yesterday.(照看)4、across 横过如: C
34、an you swim across the river? 你能过河吗?Dont go across the street when the traffic lights are red. (介词)=Dont cross the street when the traffic lights are red. (动词 v. )Lets walk across the steet . 我们走路过桥吧。5. along 沿着如:We walked along the river bank.Go along the street, turn right at the second turning. 在
35、第二个转弯6、in 在里 on 在上面 under 在下面如:There are two balls in/on/under the desk.7、near 在附近如:We live near the park.Excuse me . Is there a post office near hear?8、of 的如:Do you know the name of the winner.John is a friend of mine. 9、before 在之前如:I hope to get there before seven oclock.He had left Alice before h
36、e was 40 years old. 10、behind 在 后面如:The sun is hidden behind the clouds.Dont hide behind the door. I have seen you. 不要躲在门后,我已经看到你初中英语词性讲解 811、by 到时如:We had learned ten English songs by the end of last term.I must go to bed by ten oclock at night. 12、during 在期间如:Where are you going during the holiday
37、.Pandas sleep during the day .13、except 除了如:Everyone except you answered the question correctly.All the students went to the Great Wall except Wang Ying. 14、for 为了如:The students are studying hard for the people.Here are some flowers for you!15、from 从如:I come from Shanghai.My school is ten minutes wa
38、lk from here?16、to ,at 朝方向如:Can you tell me the way to the cinema.That man aimed at the bird. (aim-瞄准)17、over 在正上方如:There is a bridge over the river.Tom goes over his English every day.(复习)18、round/around 围绕如:The students stand around the teacher.19、towards 朝着如:The car is traveling towards Beijing.2
39、0、 against 反对如:Are you for or against me? 你反对我吗?Nothing could make me turn against my country.(背叛)没什么能使我背叛我的祖国。重点区别1. after 和 in 皆可表示时间在 之后。区别为:after 1)表示“在某点时间之后” ,用于将来时。如:Well go out for a walk after supper.2)表示“一段时间之后” ,用于过去时。如: My mother came home after half an hour.in 表示“一段时间之后 ”,用于将来时。 如: Well
40、 go to school in two weeks.2、区别:in by with1) in 表示“以.方式,用语言 ,文字等媒介”. He writes in black ink.(用材料)2)with 指“借助于具体的手段或工具 ” The guard cut one boot open with a knife.3)by 表示“以.的方式,方法,手段”和“乘某种交通工具”;如:She always goes to school by bike.(用手段)3、区别:between amongCan you say the differences between the two words
41、?(两者之间)初中英语词性讲解 9Premier Chou En-lai lives among the people forever.(三者或三者以上)4、区别:besides exceptWe have seen the crocodile besides Li Fang.(除之外,还有)全部计算We are all Chinese except Tom in our class.(除之外)不计算在内5、区别:on over aboveThere is a boat on the desk(在某物面上,与此物接触。 )There is a bridge over the river.(在某
42、物正上方,与此物不接触,或横在某物上,或覆盖在某物上。 )She spread a cloth over the table.He held his heads above his head. (“在上” ,强调“高于。 ”)6、区别:on in toMongolia is on the north of China.(与中国接壤,不属于中国)Japan is to the east of China.(不属于中国,且不接壤)Taiwan is in the east of China.(台湾属于中国)7、区别:since for since + 时间点。表示从过去某一时间以来for +一段时
43、间。表示一段时间I have been living here since 1982.(自 1982 年以来,我一直住在这里)I have been living here for 20 years.(我已经在这里住了 20 年了)8、区别:of fromThe desk is made of wood(看得出材料)Paper is made from wood.(看不出材料)The bread is made up of flour, sugar and milk.(由数种成分组成)8、区别:by onHe used to go to school by bike.(抽象概括)He came
44、 to school on this bike yesterday.(具体到哪一辆车)10、of about on 表示“谈及,论述”Do you know of American singer John Denver?(涉及浅层关系)I have never heard about him.(表示谈论等深一步的关系)This book is on grammar.(以为主要内容)11、through past acrossThe new railway runs through the small town.(穿过)He walked slowly past the tall buildin
45、g.(从旁边经过)Go across the street when the traffic lights are green. (穿过平面)12、by with 通过手段We write with a pen.(表示较具体的事物)Theres nothing to gain by waiting.(表示抽象)13、by day(指白天) by the day(按日计算)I worked here by day and I am paid by the day.14. 区别: at in onA: 在某一月,在某一年,在某年某月,在某一季节,在早晨/下午.晚上; 表示地点,场所:在。 。 。里;在。 。 。上; 表示状态,情况,境遇,服饰:处于。