1、9Aunit3 语法（一）动词不定式用法动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是 to do；其否定形式是 not todo。 下面以动词不定式在句中的作用来予以详细说明。1作主语 可以直接作主语。如： To see is to believe 但在英语中，常用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如： Its wrong to play tricks on other
2、people Its our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy 点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在 It is adj （形容词）to do sth 或 It is n （名词）to do sth句型中，it 仅作形式主语。 2作宾语 awant，decide ，agree 等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。如： We agreed to start early She wants to be a doctor blove，like ，begin，start，hate ，prefer 等词后面可以接不定式。 点击规律：上述动词后面除接不
3、定式外，还可以接动名词，意思无很大区别。提示板：like doing 指经常性动作，而 like to do 指一次性的动作。如： I like swimming，but I dont like to swim now我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。 cstop ， forget，remember，go on ，try 等词或短语后面可以接不定式。 点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。 提示板： 1）stop to do sth：停止一件事，去做另一件事。 stop doing sth：停止正在做的事。 例句：When the teacher came in ，the stude
4、nts stopped talking；when he came out，the students stopped to talk 当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。 2）思考：forget，remember，go on，try 等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别？d在 findfeelitadjto do sth句型中，it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如： The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep I feel it easy to recite the text 点击规
5、律：某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分，如上面 stop 例句。 3作宾语补足语 atell，ask，want ，order，teach ，invite ，warn，wish，help ，get，wish，help 等词后面常接不定式作宾补。如： I tell him not to go there by bus Edisons mother taught him to read and write blet，make，have，see，hear，feel，watch， notice 后面接不带 to 的不定式作宾补。如： T
6、he boss makes them work 16 hours a day I heard her sing in the next room 提示板：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号 to 要加上。如： They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss She was heard to sing in the next room 4作定语：放在被修饰的名词、代词后面 例句：I have a lot of work to do The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy 点击规
7、律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。 提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。如： I have a small bedroom to live in Have you got some pens to write with？ 5表语：放在连系动词 be 后面 例句：His wish is to become a scientist The first important thing is to save the soldiers lives 当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。 点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动
8、词前面的名词进行诠释说明。6作状语a目的状语：放在 go，come ，use ，live，in order 等词后面。如： I come to see you He runs fast in order to get there in time b原因状语：放在 sorry，glad，surprised， disappointed，excited 等词后面。如： I am glad to see you here I am sorry to trouble you c作结果状语。如： Some of the apples are hard to reach The room is large
9、enough to hold 1000 people7与 what，who ，whose ，when，where， how 等疑问词连用，作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。如： I dont know what to do next （宾语） He taught us how to use the computer （宾语补足语） Its still a question how to get there （主语） 1. Dont forget _ the letter.A. to send B. send C. sending D. being sent2. The chair looks ver
10、y old, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on 3. Is _ necessary to return the book tomorrow?A. this B. that C. it D. which4. Im afraid they would not allow him _ here.A. to smoke B. smoking C. smokes D. smoke5. Mother told me _ the water before I drank it.A.
11、boiling B. boiled C. boil D. to boil6. On my way home, I stopped _ some food.A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought7. John was made _ the car for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing8. The sitting-room needs _, but itll have to wait until Saturday.A. be cleaning B. to
12、be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned9. The first thing I want to do is _.A. visit to him B. to visit him C. visiting him D. visited him10. Li Yang advised me _ too much, otherwise I would have been drunk.A. not to drink B. to drink C. not drinking D. drinking一. 用动词不定式或 ing 分词填空1. I enjoy_.(sing) 2.
13、What do you want_(do) next ?3. I learnt _(swim) when I was three years old. 4. I was very upset and started_ (cry).5. I hope _(see) you again soon. 6. It is a fine day today, so I suggest_(go) for a walk.7. Have you finished _ (mop) the floor.8. He was very angry and refuse _(say)anything.9. Where i
14、s Lily ? I need _(talk) with her.10. I am too fat, so I have decided _(do) more exercise.二. 选出正确答案( )1. I usually go _ with my mother at weekends.A. shop B. to shop C. shopping( )2. He is not old enough _ to school.A. to go B. go C. going( )3. The man admitted _the bank.A. rob B. to rob C. robbing(
15、)4. People must stop _down trees.A. to cut B. cutting C. cut( )5. Id rather_ a cup of coffee.A. to have B. having D. have( )6. Mike managed to give up _.A. to smoke B. smoking C. smoke( )7. I am sorry to have kept you _ for such a long time.A. to wait B. waiting C. wait( )8. She has a nice voice. I
16、often hear her_ in the morning.A. singing B. to sing C. sing( )9. I dont like traveling by boat, it always makes me _sick.A. to feel B. feeling C. feel( )10. Let me_ you around the city.A. show B. to show C. showing( )11. I put the flowers on the porch_ from the rain.A. protecting B. to protect C. p
17、rotected D. to be protected( )12. Kathy decided _ hard and make herself_ behind the others.A. to work; not fall B. working; not to fall C. to work; fall D. working; to fall( )13. She forgot_ the TV when she left home.A. to turn off B. turned off C. turning off D. turn off( )14. My parents want me _
18、good marks.A. get B. to get C. getting D. got( )15. The doctor asked Mary _the medicine three times a day.A. not to remember taking B. not to forget takingC. not to remember to take D. not to forget to take( )16. His job is_ the students meetings.A. organize B. to organize C. organizing D. organized
19、( )17. What about_ a letter to your friend on the Internet ?A. try sending B. try to send C. trying sending D. trying to send( )18.Let him_ it by himself.A. to do B. doing C. did D. do( )19. The customers watched the unusual bird_ in the inn.A. dance B. to dance C. danced D. dancing( )20. At the pol
20、ice station, the boy admitted _ the necklace at last.A. to steal B. stealing C. stole D. steal( )21. It is impossible _.A. for me to go to bed early B. to me to go to bed earlyC. for me go to bed early D. to me go to bed early( )22. I remember_ my wallet here. But I cant_ now.A. putting; find B. to
21、put; finding C. to put; be found D. putting; be found( )23. Could you tell me _ work out the problem ?A. how B. how can I C. how to D. how will I( )24. I saw a little boy_ a kite yesterday afternoon.A. flew B. fly C. to fly D. flying( )25. His jokes made us all _.A. to laugh B. laughing C. laugh D.
22、laughing( )26. Its very kind of you_ me with my English.A. help B. helping C. to help D. helps( )27. He promised_ me a nice car.A. buy B. to buy C. bought D. to have bought( )28. Mother told me _ walk along the river.A. do not B. not to C. to not D. not( )29. Her ambition is _ an engineer.A. become
23、B. to become C. be D. /( )30. Youd better _a rest now.A. to have B. have C. having D. had( )31. Thank you for _me the secret.A. telling B. tell C. to tell D. told( )32. I used to_ in the countryside, now I am used to_ in the cityA. living; live B. living; living C. live; living D. live; live( )33. T
24、he detective is busy_ clues and he has _ some valuable proof.A. looking for; find B. finding; looked forC. looking for; found D. find; looked for( )34. This film is worth _.A. to see B. seeing C. seen D. saw( )35. I was allowed to play football after_ my homework.A. do B. did C. doing D. done( )36.
25、China is becoming _.A. strong and strong B stronger and strongC. stronger and stronger D. strong and stronger( )37. The population of China is larger than _ of America.A. those B. that C. it D. this( )38. Our city is getting _ .A. more beautiful and more beautiful B. more and more beautifulC. beauti
26、fuler and beautifulerD. beautiful and beautiful( )39. Taxis in Shenyang are cheaper than _ in Beijing.A. that B. it C. this D. those( )40. I prefer_ basketball to _ football.A. playing; playing B. playing; playC. play; playing D. play; play（二）句子的种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1. 凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或者表达一种心情的句子都是陈
27、述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，它可以用肯定式和否定式，句末用句号“.”，通常用降调。掌握陈述句的肯定式和否定式的构成及用法。e.g. We live in Tianjin. （肯定句）我们住在天津。We dont live in Shanghai. （否定句）我们不住在上海。注意：（1）在一般现在时的肯定式中，主语是第三人称单数时，动词要改成第三人称单数形式。e.g. John studies Chinese very well. （2）一般现在时和一般过去时的否定式要加助动词 do （does）, did. e.g. I dont like swimming. 我不喜欢游泳。He doesn
28、t have lunch at home every day. 他每天不在家吃午饭。They didnt play football yesterday. 他们昨天没有踢足球。2. 掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句的构成、用法和答语。注意在一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句要加助动词 do（does）, did. e.g. Do you often speak English at school ? 在学校你常讲英语 吗？Does she have a brother ? = Has she got a brother ? 她有兄弟吗？Did it take you two ho
29、urs to do your homework last night ? 昨天晚上做作业花了你 2 个小时吗？What do you often do on Sundays ? 星期日你常常干什么？When does your father get up every morning ? 你父亲每天早晨几点钟起床？Why didnt your teacher come to school yesterday ? 昨天你们的老师为什么没来学校呢？提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种，这种疑问句叫选择疑问句。结构是：“一般疑问句or 一般疑问句”，但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。说
30、明or 前面部分用升调，后面部分用降调。e.g. Is her brother an artist or a doctor ? 她的兄弟是一个艺术家还是个医生？Would you like tea or coffee ? 你愿意喝茶还是喝咖啡？Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on Sunday ? 我们是周六还是周日去电影院？反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见，但没把握，希望对方来证实。注意反意疑问句的结构是：肯定的陈述句否定的疑问句（缩略形式）或：否定的陈述句肯定的疑问句（缩略形式）两部分的人称和时态要一致。特别要注意否定的疑问句中的助动词必须
31、缩写，主语（最后一个词）必须是代词而不能是名词。e.g. Your sister has ever been to Shanghai , hasnt she ? 你姐姐曾经去过上海是吗？The boys didnt find anything , did they ? 男孩子们什么也没找到/发现，是不是？在回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实而定，事实是肯定的要回答 Yes , ，事实是否定的要回答 No, . e.g. He isnt going to the meeting , is he ? 他不去参加会，是吗？Yes , he is . 不，他要去。No , he isnt. 是的/对，他不去
32、。It didnt snow last week , did it ? 上周没有下雪，对吗？Yes , it did. / No , it didnt. 不，下雪了。是的，没下雪。3. 掌握祈使句的肯定式和否定式。祈使句没有主语。指让对方做某事，动词要用原形。表示请求，命令、建议等。e.g. Go back to your seat , please. 请回到你的座位上去。Dont make so much noise. 不要吵吵闹闹。Lets go to school together ! 咱们一起上学去吧！（lets 是含有第一人称主语的祈使句）Let him help the child
33、. 让他帮助那个孩子。（let him 是含有第三人称主语的祈使句）注意：否定形式是 Lets （us , me）+not +动词原形e.g. Lets not say anything about it. 对于这件事，咱们什么也不要说了。4. 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句，理解由 What 和 How 引导的感叹句的语序和感叹句的使用方法。How 和 What 与所修饰的词放在句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。在口语中谓语常省略。（1）how 作状语，修饰形容词，副词或动词结构：How+ 形容词 /副词主语谓语How nice the flowers are ! 花多漂亮啊！How hard
34、he works ! 他工作的多努力啊！（2）what 作宾语，修饰名词（名词前可有其他定语），单词可数名词前要加不定冠词a（an）. 结构：What a （an）+ 形容词名词主语谓语e.g. What a clever girl （she is ）! 她是一个多么聪明的女孩啊！What delicious food ! 多么好吃的食物啊！反意疑问句练习1.My mom bought me a medium coke,_? 2.You went to your grandmas home,_?3.He will go home,_? 4.She doesnt like to eat appl
35、es,_?5.Your room looks so big,_? 6.You wont sleep early,_?7.Your are never late for school,_? 8.You watched the football match last week,_?9.My mother is cooking,_? 10.Your father plays the computer very well,_?11.You were moved by your students,_?12.Jogging makes us healthy,_?13.The sewing machine
36、can make the clothes,_?14.My mother doesnt enjoy smoking,_?15.You dont want to bo a teacher in the future,_?16.You look so happy today,_?三、把下列的句子改为感叹句。 （答案不唯一） A: Jill is drawing a beautiful picture. B: _ A: Mr Wang is a busy man. B: _ A: The cat is very happy. B: _ A: The tractor is going very slowly. B: _ A: He is very lucky .B: _ A: It is a wet day today. B: _ A: They started early. B: _ A: They waited a long time .B: _ A: He is wearing a large shirt. B: _ A: The dolphin is playing happily. B: _
