初中英语近义词辨析大全.doc

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1、1 a bit/ a little这两个词都意为“一点儿”有时可以互换,但有时不能。二者作程度副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或比较级时,意义相同,为“一点儿” “有些” 。如: I am a bit / a little hungry. 我有点饿。 He walked a bit / a little slowly. 他走路有点慢。二者都可以作名词词组,充当主语或宾语。如: A little / bit is enough for me. 我有一点儿就够了。 I know only a little / a bit about her. 我对她的情况只了解一点。a little 可直接修饰名词;a

2、 bit 后须加 of 才可以。如:. There is a little water in the bottle. = There is a bit of water in the bottle.注意 a little of 后的名词通常特指,表“中的一些”,如: May I have a little of your tea?. 否定形式 not a little 作状语,相当于 very/ quite, “很” , “非常” ;作定语和宾语时,相当于 much, 意为 “许多” 。而 not a bit 作状语时,相当于 not at all, 意为“一点也不” ,作宾语时则相当于 no

3、t much. Eg: He is not a little (=very) hungry. 他饿极了。 He is not a bit (=not at all) hungry.他一点也不饿。 She ate not a little (=much). 她吃得很多。. Not a bit 中的 not 可以分开使用;not a little 中的 not 则不能分开。Eg: He felt not a bit tired. = He didnt feel a bit tired. 他觉得一点也不累。 He felt not a little tired. 他觉得非常累。但不能说:He did

4、nt fell a little tired.2 a few/ few/ a little/ little. a few 和 few 修饰可数名词,a little 和 little 修饰不可数名词;a few 和 a little 表示肯定意义,few 和little 表示否定意义,可受 only 修饰。如: Few people will agree to the plan because its too dangerous.This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it. There is li

5、ttle water left in glass. Will you please give me some Dont worry, we have a little time left.3 about/ on.about “关于”表示的内容较为普通或指人时用它。侧重于叙事,多用于叙述个人经历和事迹,故事内容涉及一些较浅的问题。是非正式用语。.on “关于”侧重于论述政治理论,国际形势,学术报告等。也就是说,当表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的或学术性的可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读时用。eg:This is a text book on African history. 这是一本关于非州历史的

6、教科书。注:它们有时可通用。4 above/over/on/upon. 方位介词, “在之上”. above 着重指:在上方,不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为:below. The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升到了地平线上。 The aero plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上飞行。.over 表盖在上面,或铺在上面。此时不能用 above.代替。含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为under. Spread the tablecloth over the table.把桌布铺在桌子上。. on 含有与表面相接触的意思。 The b

7、ook is on the desk. There is an oil painting on the wall. 墙上有一幅油画。.upon 也含有和表面相接触的意思。与 on 没有多大的区别,但较正式,口语中较少用。 He laid his hand upon the boys head. 他把手放在孩子的头上。注 up 与以上几个不同,它表示向上方或高处,含有由下而上,由低而高的意思。常和表示运动的动词- 1 - 共 84连用。作副词时,表示在上方或高处。 We run up a hill. 我们跑上山。 The plane was high up in the air.飞机在高空中。5

8、 accident/incident “事故”. accident 可以表示事故,指不幸的意外事件。也表偶然的事件。 Twenty people were killed in the railway accident He met with an accident. 这完全是偶然的事。. Incident 的意思是事件,尤指与较重大的事件相比,显得不重要的事件。它还可以表引起国际争端或战争的事件。 It is a quite common incident.这是很普通的事。 The Lugouqiao incident accrued on July 7th, 1937. 芦沟桥事件发生于 1

9、937 年 7 月 7 日。6 accept/receive. accept “接受” ,表示其行为是由主观意愿决定的。 I accepted it without question. 我毫无疑问地接受了它。 We have accepted his proposal. 我已接受了他的建议。. receive “接到、收到、受到”表示其行为与主观意愿无关。如: I received a letter from him. 我收到了他的来信。 He received the present, but he did not accept. 他收到了礼物,但没有接受下来。 He received a

10、good education.他受到了良好的教育。注 在表示接待、接见时,通常用 receive, 而不用 accept.如:We often receive foreign guests. 我们经常接待外宾。7 at hand/ in hand . at hand“在手边;在附近;即将到来 ”如: When he writes, he always keeps a dictionary at hand. 他写东西时,手边总有一本字典。 Spring is at hand. 春天就要来了。. in hand “在手中的;现有的”引申为:“在掌握中;在处理中” 。如: I have 100 yu

11、an in hand. 我手头有 100 元钱。 The police immediately had the situation in hand. 警方立即控制了局势。8 accurate/exact/correct. accurate “准确、精确” 不仅表无错误,且表细心,谨慎地做到符合标准,符合事实或真象。如: Clocks in railway stations must be accurate. 火车站的钟必须准确。 The figures are not accurate.这些数字不精确。. exact “精确、确切”强调完全符合标准,符合事实或真象,丝毫没有差错。它这三个中语意

12、最强。如: His translation is exact to the letter. 他的翻译翻译确切。 Your description is not very exact.你的描述不很确切。.correct. “正确 ”指按照一定的标准或规则,而没有错误。在这有一个词中,它的语意最弱。 His answer is correct. 他的回答是正确的。 The thing turned out to be correct. 事情结果是对的。9 ache/pain “痛”. ache 通常指一种持续的隐痛。 它可以与表身体某部分的词,组成复合词。如: Where is the ache?

13、 哪里痛? I have a headache (stomachache, toothache atc). pain 是普通用语。不含持续痛的意味,尤指一种突然的剧痛。除指肉体上的外,还指精神的痛苦。如: I feel a great deal of pain. 我感到非常痛。 He cried with pain. 他痛得直叫。- 2 - I have a pain in the arm. 我手臂痛。 I have pains all over. 我浑身痛。 It gave us much pain to learn of the sad news. 听到不幸的消息很悲痛。10 across

14、/through/ over. across “横过、穿过” ,指从的一边到另一边。含义与 on 有关。如: I swam across the river. 我游过这条河(指从此岸到彼岸) Lets help push the cart across the bridge. 我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。. through “穿过、通过” 指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过,含义与 in有关。如: We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。 The river flows through the city from west to east.

15、这条河从西到东流过城市。. over“横过、跨越 ”指横过道路、河流等 “细长物” 时,与 across 通用。Over 虽可指从表面的接触及跳(飞)越,但指渡过则不能用。从房间、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端横越到另一端时也不能使用。而常用 across. She went across / over the bridge. He jumped across / over the stream 他跳过了小溪。 She swam across the straight of Dover. 她游过了多佛尔海峡。 They drove across the desert. 他们驶过沙漠。另外,ov

16、er 作介词还有“翻过”的意思,如:climb the mountain 翻过那座山。11 affair/matter/business. affair “事、事情、事务”它的涵义最广,可指已经发生或必须做的任何事情, 也可泛指事务(通常用算数,指重大或头绪较多的事务) 。如: The railway accident was a terrible affair. 那次火车事故是件可怕的事。 Thats my affair, not yours. 那是我的事, 不是你的。 We should concern ourselves with state affairs. 我们要关心国家大事。. m

17、atter“事、事情 ” 是普通用语,常指我们所写到或谈到的事情,要考虑和处理的事情。如: This is a matter I know little about. 这件事我不大知道。 Ill ask some one about the matter.关于这件事我将去问问人。 There are several matters to be considered. 有几件事情要考虑。注:在口语中,be the matter 相当于 be wrong, 表发生了失常的事或出了毛病等意思。如: Whats the matter ? 怎么啦? Whats the matter with you?

18、你怎么啦?. business“生意、商业”产普通用语。它表“事情、事务”时,往往指一种任务、责任或必须去做的事。此外, 它有时还含有轻蔑的意味。如: We dont do much business with them. 我们跟他们没有多少生意来往。 It is a teachers business to help his pupils. 帮助学生是教师的责任。 He made it his business to fetch water for a granny. 他把为一位老大娘挑水当作自己的事。 Its not your business.这不是你的事。注:这三个词有时可通用,但不能

19、任意替换。如:Mind your own business.少管闲事。这里的 business 可用 affairs 替换,但不能用 matters.12 afraid/ fear/ frightened. afraid “害怕”是形容词,只能作表语,而不能作定语,后接 of 短语或不定式,构成 be afraid of sb. 和 be afraid to do sth She is afraid of a snake. 她害怕蛇。 The little girl is afraid to go out at night.afraid +that clause “恐怕” , 是婉转拒绝别人的

20、一种表达方式。 如: Im afraid (that) I cant go to the party. My brother is sick. 恐怕我不能去参加聚会了。我弟弟病了。- 3 - 共 84. fear “害怕 ”是动词,与 be afraid 往往通用,但不如它常用(特别是在口语中) 。如: We fear no difficulty.我们不怕困难。 e feared to speak his mind.他不敢说出自己的想法。 Fearing that he would catch cold, I went out to see him.因为怕他会受凉,我走去看他。. fright

21、ened adj “受惊吓的、害怕的”可做表语,也可作定语。如: She is too frightened to move.她太害怕了不能动弹。 A frightened girl is crying. 一个受惊的女孩正在哭。13 feel like / would like.feel like 与 would like 意思很相近,但 feel like 后面常跟 名词;动名词。构成: feel like (doing) sth. 而 would like 一般接 名词;动词不定式。构成: would like (to do) sth.的句式。如: I feel like (having)

22、 a drink. = I would like (to have) a drink. 我想喝一杯。 Do you feel like talking a walk. = Would you like to take a walk? 你要不要散步? I dont feel like eating. 我不想吃东西。.feel like 还表示:“觉得好像,摸起来像” 。如: It feels like silk. 它摸起来像绸缎。14. after/behind “在之后”. after “在 (时间)之后”;“在(地点)之后”,指次序。如: He came after ten oclock.

23、他十点以后来的。 Two days after his arrival, I called on him. 在他到达两天以后,我拜访了他。 Against comes after again in this cictionary.在这本字典中 against 排在 again 之后。. behind 表地点时意为:在后面、着重指位置的前后。偶尔也指时间,表按照一定的时刻而迟了的意思。 The garden is behind the house. He stood behind me. The train was behind time. 火车误点了。 You are two hours be

24、hind. 你迟了两个小时。15. ago/before. ago adv. “以前”指从此刻起,若干时间以前,通常与过去连用。如: It happened two days ago.这件事发生在两天以前。 I met him a few minutes ago.我在几分钟以前碰到他。. before adv, prep 反之,如果用了 but , 就不能用 although 和 though. 如: Although he is in poor health, (yet) he works hard. = He is in poor health, but he works hard. 虽然

25、他身体不好,但他工作仍努力。 Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.虽然天气很冷,他未穿外衣就出去了。 He is quite strong, although very old. 他虽然很老了,但还是十分健壮。- 8 -. though 常用作连词, “虽然” 。在口语中还用着副词,一般放在句末,意为“可是、然而”等。如: He didnt light the fire, though it was cold. 天气虽很冷,他却还没生火。 Though it was very late, he went on wor

26、king. 虽然很晚了,他还是继续工作。 He said he would come, he didnt, though. 他说他来,可是结果他没有来。30 always / yet. always “总是;一直”常与一般现在时连用。有时也与进行时连用, 但并不强调动作正在进行,而是表示“赞叹、厌烦、不满”等情绪。常用于肯定句中,放在“三类词”(情态动词、助动词、系动词本书称为“三类词”)之后,行为动词之前。如: We always get up before six oclock. 我们总是六点前起床。 He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人。. y

27、et. “仍然;还”常与 not 连用。用于否定结构中。如:He hasnt finished the work yet. 他还没完成这项工作。31 always/ often/ frequently/ often/usually/ sometimes/ never. 这几个词都是表频度的副词,它们之间的区别可用百分比来区分:(0%)(20%) 70% )(75% )(100%)从不 有时 时常 通常 总是即:never(0%)sometimes(20%)often/frequently(70%)usually(75%) always(100%) always “永远、总是” 。与进行时连用时

28、,表“再三地、老是”等意思。有时还表“生气或不耐烦”等盛情色彩。如: The sun always rises in the east.太阳总是从东方升起。 I always get up at seven oclock. 我总是在七点钟起身。 The boy is always asking whys.这男孩老是问这问那没个完。 often “时常、常常”强调经常性。如: He often comes here to see me. 他时常到这儿来看我。 We have often been there. frequently “时常、屡次”常与 often 通用。但它强调次数频繁。如: B

29、usiness frequently brings him to Shanghai.他时常因事到上海去。 He frequently comes here to see her.他时常到这儿来看她。 usually “经常”其动作频率仅次于 always.常常与一般过时,一般现在时连用。 I usually get up at six in the morning. never “从不”是否定副词。常常与完成时连用。 I have never been to the Great Wall. She said she had never gone there.32 edge / side.edg

30、e 侧重于指很窄的 “边缘”, 如刀刃或沿边的一部分.如:Put some salt on the edge of your plate. 在你的盘子边上放些盐.side “边, 旁边” 有时与 edge 同义,有时指 “(东西的)侧面 ”, “(一个)方面”, “(身体的)侧边”,如:33 among/ between/ in the middle of. among “在之中/中间 ” 指三者或三者以上。通常表某个范围。如: Someone is wrong among us. 我们中间有人错了。 There is a small village among the mountains.

31、大山之间有座小村庄。. between “ 在之间”指在二者之间,有时与 and 连用。如: There is a river between us. 在我们两人之间有一条河。 Im standing between a house and a big tree. 我站在一座房子和一棵大树中间。. in the middle of “在中间”指在某事物中间,强调事物的两端的中间。如:- 9 - 共 84There is a bus stop in the middle of the road. 在这条公路中间有个车站。 34 animal/ beast. animal “动物 ” 是区别于植物

32、而言,是动物的总称,通常指兽、鸟、虫、鱼等。如: Its an animal of monkey kind. 这是一种属于猴类的动物。 The animal is hungry. 这个动物饿了。. beast “四足动物”通常指不包括爬行动物的较大的四足动物。如: The camel is a beast of burden. 骆驼是负重的动物。 The tiger is a beast of prey. 老虎是猛兽。35 another/ other/ more. 名词前表示具有增加意义的“还、再” ,一般用 more 和 another. more 放在数词之后,而 another 放在数

33、词之前;有时也可以用 other, 但 other 具有“不同”之意。保留它本意“别的” 。如: one more thing, one other thing, another thing 都表示“还有一件事 ”之意,如: I want three more / other books. = I want another three books.我还要三本书。 I stayed there three more days. = I stayed there another three days. 我在那儿又呆了三天。 (这里不用other, 因 day 与 day 没有不同之意。 We ne

34、ed three more / another three hands to do the job.我们还需要三个人做这项工作。 (这里不用other , 因不强调人与人的不同。 ) He works on the Great Green Wall with many other people. 他与别的许多人一块在绿色长城上工作。 ( other 没有增加之意,表除自己以外的别的人。 )36 another/ the other/ other/ others/ the others. another 指不定数目中的 “另一个、又一个” (三个以上)用来代替或修饰可数名词。如:I dont t

35、hink the coat is good enough. Can you show me another?. other 泛指“另外的”修饰复数名词。如:We study Chinese, maths, English and other subjects. others 泛指“另外的人或物” , 但不指其余的人或物的全部。如:Some like swimming, others like boating. the other 指两个中的“另一个 ”如:He has two sons, one is in Shanghai, the other is in Beijing. the othe

36、rs 特指某一范围内的 “其余全部的人或物”如:There are thirty books on the bookshelf. Five are mine, the others are my fathers.37 answer/ reply. answer “回答、答复” 。是最普通的用语,包括用口头、书面或行动回答。它可以用作及物动词或不及物动词。如: He answered my question. It is a difficult question to answer. 这是一个难以回答的问题。 Please answer my letter as soon as possible

37、. They left a boy to answer the bell. 他们留下一个孩子应门。.reply “回答、答复” 。 但比 answer 正式些。它指用口头或书面回答。严格地讲,是指有针对性地详细地回答。 它也指用行动回答。 Reply 常用作不及物动词,回答某人或某事。后接 to; 当它与直接引语或从句连用时,才用作及物动词。如: I didnt reply to him.我没有答复他。 He replied that he might go. 他回答说他可能去。 38 any/ either二者所指的相关名词或代词的数量不同。. any 指二个以上的“任意一个”人/物。如:When can you go with me to the city? Any day of this week will do. 什么时候你能陪我去城里? 这个星期

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