1、1句子的成分 1 句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语) 、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分(在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语) 。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分: 1 主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“ 是什么” 或“ 是谁” 。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。 We study in No.1 Middle School.(讲述“ 谁” ) The classroom is very c
2、lean. (讲述“ 什么” 很干净) Three were absent.(数词作主语) To teach them English is my job. (不定式作主语) 注意 不定式作主语时,常用形式主语 it 句型,因此左例可变为 It is my job to teach them English. (真正的主语是 to teach them English.) 2 谓语 说明主语“做什么”, “是什么” 或 “怎么样” 。 谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 His Parents are doctors. (系动词作谓语) S
3、he looks well.(系动词作谓语) We study hard.(实义动词作谓语) He can speak English. (情态动词和实义动词作谓语) 3 表语 表语说明主语“是什么” 或者“ 怎么样” ,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 You look younger than before.(形容词作表语) I am a teacher.(名词作表语) Everybody is here.(副词作表语) They are at home now.(介词短语作表语) My job is to teach them
4、 English.(不定式作表语) 4 ,宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。She is playing the piano now.(名词作宾语) 2He often helps me.(代词作宾语) He likes to sleep in the open air.(不定式作宾语) We enjoy living in China.(动名词作宾语) 5 状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示
5、。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。He did it carefully.(副词作状语) Without his help,we couldnt work it out. (介词短语作状语) (In order) to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(不定式作目的状语) 6 定语 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词又可以作主语,还可以作表语和宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。
6、 The black bike is mine. 主语部分(形容词作定语) What is your name? 表语 (代词作定语) They made paper flowers. 宾语(名词作定语) The boys in the room are in Class Three Grade One. (介词短语作定语) I have something to do. (不定式作定语) 3初中英语句子结构分析一. 句子的种类(一)根据结构划分: 简单句:( 5 种基本句型)S+Vi(主+ 谓)S+V 系+ P (主+谓+ 表)S+Vt+O(主+谓+ 宾)S+Vt+IO+DO(主+谓+间宾+
7、 直宾)S+Vt+O+OC(主+谓+宾+ 宾补)并列句 and, but, or复合句:名词从句(宾,主,表,同)副词从句(状语从句)形容词从句(定语从句)(二) 根据功能划分:陈述句, 祈使句, 感叹句,疑问句(一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句等)二.简单句的基本句型介绍:1. 基本句型 一: +i (主不及物动词)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:1. We come.2. The sunrose. 此句型的句子有一个
8、共同特点:即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。不及物动词: sleep 睡觉 walk 步行 swim 游泳 happen 发生 come 来 work 工作 laugh 笑1. He runs in the park. 主语 谓语 地点状语注意 有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词,后面就可以加宾语了。 You must listen to me. 42. 基本句型 二: + 系 + (主系表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表
9、达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。如:1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He is growing tall and strong. 系动词主要是起到连系主语和表语的作用。可分四类:1. 表 “是 ” 如 : be“是”(am, is, are, was, were)2.表 “感觉” 如:look 看起来 feel 感到,sound 听起来,smell 闻起来,seem 似乎3. 表 “变” 如:get 变得, turn 变得, grow 变得,go 变得 , come 变得, be
10、come 成为 4. 表 “保持” 如:keep 保持, stay 保持 常用连系动词的用法: 变成,变得:become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn口诀:好是 come,坏是 go; 天气、外貌慢慢 grow; 流水、金钱缓缓 run;颜色、天气大不同 turn;get / become 口语化,如果要说就用它. 保持某种状态: keep, lie, remain, stand , stay. 看起来,好像:appear, look, seem. 感官动词:feel, smell, sound, taste.注意:There be 结构: The
11、re be 表示存在有。这里的 there 没有实际意义,不可与副词“there 那里”混淆。此结构后跟名词,表示“(存在)有某事物” 。试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。 )前一个 there 无实义,后一个 there 为副词那里 。3. 基本句型 三: + t + (主及物宾)此句型句子的共同特点是: 谓语动词 都具有实义 , 都是主语产生的动作 ,但不能表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语 ,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。如:1. Who knows the answer? 2. He admits that he was mis
12、taken54. 基本句型 四: + t + IO + DO (主及物间宾直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, 这两个宾语通常一个指 人 (间接宾语);一个指 物 (直接宾语) 。eg:give / pass / bring / showGive me a cup of tea please./ Pass our English teacher the book./Bring it to me, please. / Show this house to Mr. Smith.1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a diction
13、ary. A:动词后加 to give 给 show 给看 send 寄,打电报 bring 带 read 读 pass 递给 lend 借给 leave 留给 hand 交给 tell 告诉 return 把还给 write 给写信 throw 扔 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝B:动词后加 for make 生产,制造 buy 买 do 做 get 得到 play 演奏 order 命令 sing 唱歌5. 基本句型 五: + t + + (主及物宾宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思
14、完整。宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。The war made him a soldier. (名词)New methods make the job easy .(形容词)I often find him at work . (介词短语)The teacher asks the students to close the windows. (不定式)I saw a cat running across the road. (现在分词)Our teacher found the windows closed.
15、 (过去分词)1. We called the boy Jim. 6句子结构分析练习题一. 选出下列句子的基本句型。a, +i b, +t + c, +系 +d, +t + I + D e, +t + + 1. Pleas tell us a story._ 2. She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._ 4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._ 6. Please look at the picture._二写出下列句子的基本句型。1. Who cares
16、? 2. Everything looks different. 3. His face turned red. 4. He enjoys reading. 5. He said “Good morning.“ 6. She looked after the old man. 7. Our team beat all the others.8. I showed him my pictures. 9. I told him that the bus was late. 10. He showed me how to run the machine. 11. They painted the d
17、oor green. 12. They found the door closed. 13. He asked me to come back soon. 14. I saw them getting on the bus. 三. 划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.44. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.