1、初中英语语法归纳语法学习 动词语态 动词的语态主要分为两种：主动语态与被动语态主动语态指主语是谓语功作的执行者，被 动语态指主语是 谓语动作的承受者，。I have done the job.（主动句） The job has been done.（被动 句） 1 被动语态根据时态的不同，可分 为以下几种类型： 一般现在时：am/is/are+done; 2 一般过去时：was/were+done 3 现在进行时：am/is/are+being done 4 过去进行时：was/were+being done 5 将来时 ：will/would+be done,be going to be d
2、one, be to be done 6 现在完成时：have/has +been done 7 过去完成时：had+been done 8 将来完成时：will+have been done 2 被动语态门主功语态一样具有不同时态，其 时态的变化取决于 时间状语，其 时态的变化形式由其助动词 be 的事态变化形式来体现 The house is being painted now.（现在进行时被动语态）Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.（现在完成时被动语态）The furniture was bought last week.（过去时被动语态）You
3、ll be punished one day.（将来时被动语态）3被动语态的意义 （1）不知道或没必要指出行为、动作的执行者（无须加 buy 短语） Colour TV sets are sold in that shop. Football is plated all over the world. (2)突出和强调行为或动作的承受着。 History is made by the people. The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people. (3)有时主语较长，可后置。 Its said that we have won the
4、 game.4在使役动词 make 及感官动词 see ，hear.等动词的被动语态形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号“to“The teacher made Tom answer it again.（主动语态，不加“to“ )Tom was made to answer it again.（被动语态，加 “to“ ) 5.短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语。 look at，laugh at，send for，call on，carry out， listen to，take care of ,make use of,depend on，pay atten
5、tion to，hand in，put on，look up，give up等.6. be过去分词可以是被动语态形式，也可以是系表结构形式。区别是，系表结构表示主语状态或特征，不带 by 短语；而被 动语态是表示主语的一个被 动动作，可以 带 by 短语。 The job was well done.（系表结构） The job was well done by a skilled worker.（被动语态） The composition is well written.（系表结构） The composition is written with great care;.（被动语态） 7原来
6、主动语态中的宾语如果是从句，变为被动语态时，要用形式主语 it. It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him. It is said that this book has been translated into several languages.8有一些动词不能用被动语态 。 break out，take place，happen，belong to，cost，suit，fit，have，let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last,
7、meet（遇见），join（参加），fail 等9宾语为反身代词时，不用被动语态，只用主动语态形式。 The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang. 10有些动词或情态动词常用所接的不定式来表示被 动意 义。 如：happen，pretend，seem，used to，ought to，appear 等。 The house used to be painted white. The job has to be done before dark. On the way we happened to be caught in the rain. 11有些动名词在
8、want, need, require 和介词 worth 后形式为主动，意义为被动。 12有些动词用主动形式来表示被 动意义。如： clean, sell,look，lock，open，write，read，wash,feel 等。 This kind of cloth washes easily. These books sell well.（好卖） The door doesnt lock. The door cant open. This pen writes very well. 13除助动词 be 可以构成被动语态外， get, become 等词也可以过去分词构成被动意义。 Sh
9、e was unhappy because she didnt get invited to the party. （1）主谓一致。 主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致，句子的主语是第三人称单数，其谓语动词须 用单数，主 语是复数，则谓语动词用复数。1主谓一致的三个原则。 英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：意义一致原则、 语法一致原则和就近原则。这三个原 则常常发生矛盾，但当 发生冲突 时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。 (1)语法一致原则： 主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式， 谓语动词也应采取单数形式；主语是复数形式， 谓语动词也应采取复数形式。Sh
10、e is a girl她是女孩。They are all girls她们都是女孩。 The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures. 这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。 （教授与作家是同一个人，是单 数.）The old are very well taken care of in our city老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。( the old 指所有的老年人，指一类人，为复数概念。 ）(2)就近原则： 谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语决定。 There is a book，two
11、pens and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有一本书，两支 钢笔和三支铅笔。There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。Either my sisters or my mother is coming. 不是我的姐妹们就是我的妈妈要来。(3)意义一致原则： 主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么 谓语动词要用复数形式；或主语形式上是复数，但表达单 数意义， 则谓语动词也采用单 数形式。 The police are still running after
12、the murderer. 警察还在追杀人犯。The news was very exciting. 这则新闻令人激动。 My family were watching TV at 7 oclock. 7 点钟的时候，我们全家人在看电视。 My family has moved three times我们家搬过三次。 2主谓一致的应用。 (1)单一主语的情况。 单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语，其主语与谓语 的一致情况如下： 不定代 词作主语 a不定代词 either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebod
13、y，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等作主语时，谓语动词 常用单数、 b. none 作主语时 如果指人或可数的物，表数目， 谓语动词单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。 Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left. 吉米把所有的钱都用光了，一点没留。c. neither/either of复数名词或复数形式的代词 ，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。 Neither of thes
14、e words is correct. 这些单词没有一个是正确的。 d. the other two（），the other three（）another two( . ) , both 等作主语时谓语动词用复数、 Five people came to help，but another three were still needed. 已经有五个人来帮忙了，但我们还需要三个 e. all 指人时作主语，谓语动词用复数；指全部事情时， 谓语动词常用单数 All the work was finished. 所有的活都干完了 All is going well 一切都很正常 . f在 each
15、. and each，every.and every，no.and no,many a. . . and many a 等由 and 连接并列单数主语的结构中，谓语动词 用单数、 Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位. Every man and everv woman is at work. 每个男人和女人都在工作. No sound and no voice is heard for a long while. 很长时间 没有听到一点声音 Every boy and every girl likes the film st
16、ar. 所有的男孩和女孩都喜欢这个电影明星 g. such 山作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定、 Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much 这就是史蒂芬?霍金，遭受着巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。Such as have plenty of money want more money. 那些有足够钱的人还想要更多的钱。 集合名词作主语 a有些集体名 词，如 people, cattle, police 等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。 People are
17、talking about the accident happened yesterday. 人们还在谈论昨天发生的那场事故。 b集合名词，如 audience（观众），army, class, crew 船员 ），company（公司），crowd（人群），enemy, family, group, government(政府)，public (公众)，population(人口),team(队员) 等作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数；若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成 员或个体时，谓语就该用复数。 The population in China is very large and 80%
18、 of the population live in rural areas. 中国人口很多，其中 80的人住在 农村。 c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch 结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与 the 连用时表示复数含义，谓语动词用复数如 the English, the Chinese，the French 等 The English are a polite people英国是一个礼仪之邦。以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语 a以一 ics 结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时，谓语用 单数. Politics is taught in our school. 我们学校开设政治课。 b专有名词
19、如国名、人名、书名、 组织机构等作主语，形式上即使是复数，谓语动词也要用单数，如 the United Nations, the United States，the New York Times 等。 Lu Xuns works sells well. 鲁迅的著作很畅销。c有些名词 如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings（残渣，剩余），clothes, trousers, belongings（财产），savings, scissor，等作主 语，其 谓语动词只能用复数形式 The family were saved but the belongings were
20、 lost. 这一家人 获救，但损失了所有财产。d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等单复数同形的名词作主语，谓语动词根据其单复数而定 Each means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective. 每一种方法都试过，但没有一个是有效的。 含有修 饰语 的名词作主语a 一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词，如 trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs 等作主语，前面若无 a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series o
21、f 等这类单位词，通常作复数用，谓语动词作复数。若带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单 复数形式。My shoes are under the bed我的鞋在床下。His black trousers are too long他的那条黑 裤子太长了。Your glasses are on your nose你的眼 镜在鼻子上。 但若这类名词与 a pair 连用时，谓语动词往往用单数。 This pair of shoes is made in Beijing这双鞋子是北京制造的。There is a pair of glasses on your bed你的床上有副眼 镜 。b.
22、a number of意为“ 许多” ，修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般也用复数：the number of 意为“的数目”，作主语时，谓语 ?只能用单数 A number of the other plants were found in America. 在美洲 还发现了许 多别的植物。The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before 在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。 c只修饰可数名 词的量词 several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of
23、.）作主语，谓语动词应用复数形式；其修饰的名词作主语、谓语动词也应用复数形式 Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作当成娱乐。 d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of）等词既可修饰可数名 词，又可修饰不可数名词，谓语的形式应根据所修饰词而定、 A lot of students are coming to the meeting. 很多学生要来参加这次会议。 A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference. 为了
24、准备会议，还有很多工作要做。 注意 a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of）作主语或其修 饰的名词作主语，谓语动词应根据quantity 的单复数形式而定。Quantities of money are needed to equip the school. 学校安装 设备需要很多钱。 A quantity of story books has been bought for the children. 为孩子们买 了大量的故事书： e. a great/ good deal( of)，a little，quite a little，a large
25、amount( of）等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词 只能用单数形式 A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used 很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了，但本应好好利用的 f. “more than one 十单数名词”尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式， 谓语也必须用单数以符合语法一致的原则在“more复数名词than one”结构之后，谓语常用复数 More than one person was injured in the accident. 不止一人在这次事故中受伤
26、More members than one are against the proposal. 反对这项提议的会员不止一个 g. “one or two +复数名词”作主语时， 谓语动词用复数 One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午有一两个学生在植树 h表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名 词与 pass, go by，waste, use, spend 等词连用时，谓语动词用复数 Five years have passed since I joined the Party我入党五年了 i. one
27、or two 后接复数名词，谓语要用复数但在“a/an 十单数名词or two”结构之后，谓语却常用单数 One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work. 干这活一两天就够了 j. the rest（of），the remaining，part（of.），one half( of）等词或短语作主语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语，谓语动词应 根据主语所表达的单复数而定 Part of his story was not true他 讲的故事有一部分不是真的。 Part of the fo
28、reign teachers in our school are from Canada.我们学校一部分外籍教师来自加拿大. k当“几分之几（百分之几）+ of名词”结构作主语时，一般也应根据 of 后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数“one and a half +复数可数名词 ”作主语，谓语一般用单数. This is because two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans 这是因为地球表面积的 2/3 是由广阔的海洋构成的 Two thirds of these tasks have been complet
29、ed. 这些任务已经完成了三分之。 One and a half days is all I can spare. 我只能抽出一天半的时间 It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer. 据报道在此地区有四分之一的人患肺癌（一般情况下，one in ten 作主语和其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式） (2）非谓语形式、从句作主语单 独的不定式、动词的一 ing 形式作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式：如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念， 谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语
30、动词用复数 Persuading him to join us seems really hard. 劝他加入我们似乎很难。 To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好习惯。 To work and to live are two different things but they are always together. 虽然工作和生活是两件不同的事情，但是它们永远相伴 。 that，what，who，which，when，where，why，whatever, whoever,whichever, wheneve
31、r, whereve：等引导 的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时， 应根据概念上一致的原则决定谓语动词的数 “That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised. 杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶 Who is Abraham Lincoln？林肯是谁？ Who are talking with each other？谁在相互讨论？ (3)以并列结构作主语的主谓一致 and 及 both. and. a. 一般来说，两个单数主语用 and 连接起来，表示两个不同的人或物，谓语动词用复数；但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一个事物或同一个概念，谓
32、语动词必须用单数 A smile and handshake show welcome微笑和握手表示欢迎 The poet and writer has produced many works.这个诗人兼作家写出很多作品、 b并列主语由 or, either. . or. . . , neither. nor. . . , not onlybut also连接时，谓语动词常与邻近的主语保持人称、数的一致 Either the teacher or the students are to blame. 或者是老师，或者是学生要受到责备 Not only the students but also
33、 their teacher doesnt know about it 不仅仅是学生，还有他们的老师都 对此一无所知 Neither you nor I am fit for the work. 你和我都不适合干这个工作 Are neither you nor I fit for the work? 你和我都不适合干这个工作吗？ (4)假性主语的主谓一致 with,together with（连同），along with（和?一起），as wellas（也），like（诸 如）， such as（诸如），as much as, no less than（和 ?一样）， rather than（
34、而不是），including, besides, but,except, in addition 以除之外）等短语后的主语称为假性主语， 谓语动词仍然根据原主语而定，不跟假性主 语一致。 The boy with his dog is here. 这个男孩在这儿， 还有他的狗 No one but your parents was there then. 那时，除了你的父母没有别人在那里 Tom，together with Mary and Alice，is going to swim this afternoon. 汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽丝去游泳 The teacher，includin
35、g his students，is going to see Professor Smith. 那位老师和他的学生们将去看望史密斯教授、(5)由 there , here 引导的主语不止一个时， 谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致、 There is a lake and some hills around it. 它被一个湖和几座刁、山 环绕着、 (6)定语从句中的谓语动词应视先行词的单复数而定，先行词是单数，定语从句中的谓语动词也用单数，先行词是复数，定语从句中的谓语动词也用复数 Those（people）who are for this plan are to sign your namer
36、ight on this paper 同意这个计划的在这张纸上签名 I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures. 我将永远珍惜充满欢乐的时光： The news that has been published in todays newspaper isnt true. 今天报纸上发布的新闻不是真的。 (7）在倒装句中谓语应与后面的主 语保持一致。 On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso. 墙上挂着一些毕加索的画。(8)运算数词作主语时， 谓语动词用单数。 Three
37、times five is fifteen. 3 乘 5 等于 15 Five minus four is one. 5 减 4 等于 1。 Seven times four makes twenty-eight. 7 乘 4 等于?g (9）表示数量的“one and a half复数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词 要用单数。 One and a half bananas is left on the table. 桌子上还剩有一个半香蕉。 One and a half hours is enough 一个半小时足够了。 六、知识*能力聚焦 1. off prep.adv离开，分开 （1）pre
38、p. The hall rolled off the table球从桌上滚落 Keep off the grass勿践踏草地 He entered a big house off the high street. 他进入了一所离大街不远的大房子。 The ship sank off Cape Horn. 这艘轮船在合恩角外沉没了（2）adv. The town is still five miles off%amaN 那小镇尚在五英里之外 We are still some way off. 我们仍有一段距离（如距目的地）要走 Please tell them that the meeting
39、 is olf 请告诉他们会议已经取消了。 常用短语 take sth. off sth. 扣除，减去 fall off 跌落 knock sth. off sth把某物从另一物上放掉 wipe sth. off sth 把某物从另一物上擦掉 along the coast 沿着海岸 off the coast 海岸外在海上 on the coast 海岸上在海岸 The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe. 不列颠群岛是一组位于欧洲西海岸不远处的岛屿 Wuhan lies on
40、 the Chanjiang River. 武汉位于长江边 2. face n.脸vt转向，面向 （1）n Judging from his worried face，we knew that he must have had some trouble. 从他焦急的脸色判断，我们知道他肯定有麻 烦了. （2）vt. -How does the house face？这房屋面朝哪边？ -It faces ( to the ) east朝东。 I was faced with new problem我面 临着新的 M 题 常用短语 in( the) face of 不顾（问题、困难等） lose
41、ones face 失面子，丢脸 fight in the face of 公然反抗 face the music 由于自己的决定或行为而接受批评或承担后果 3. range n. &vt. （1）n山脉，视觉（听觉）范围（区域），射程 There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland. 在边境地带有连绵不断的雄伟山脉。 The tree is within range of vision这棵树在视野之内 ( 2 ) vt.（在一定范围内）变化，排列 The prices of the dolls range from5 t
42、o100. 这些布娃娃的价格从 5 美元到 100 美元不等 The discussion ranged over various problems. 这次讨论涉及了种种问题 4. design n. &v. ( 1 )n. 图样，设计，图案；目的，意向 This is a design for the garden. 这是那座花园的设计图 We dont know if it was done by accident or by design. 我们不知道那是偶然的，还是故意的。 His evil designs were frustrated. 他的罪恶意图未能得逞 (2) v设计，控制
43、She is designing dresses for the singer. 她在为这位歌手设计服装 He designed a plot for tits new novel. 他为他的新小说拟定情节 This weekend party iNas designed to bring the two musicians together. 这次周末聚会的用意是使两位音乐家见面 常用短语 by design 故意地，蓄意地； have designs on/against 对 抱不良企图，图谋加害于； design stfi. for sb. /sth设计，制图，构思 5. influen
44、ce n.v. ( 1 )n. 影响，支配，作用 the influence of the moon on the tides 月球对潮汐的作用 These so-called friends of hers have a bad influence on her. 她那些所谓的朋友对她影响很坏 He has a strange influence over the girl. 他对这个女孩子有一种奇妙的影响 Her influence made me a better person. 受她的影响，我变好了 (2) v. 影响，感化 The rice crops will be influen
45、ced by the weather. 稻谷的收成将受到气候的影响 It is clear that her paintings have been influenced by Picasso. 她的画显然受到毕加索的影响 What influenced you to behave like that? 是什么支配你那 样做的？6. refer vi. ( referred, referred, referring）涉及，提到( to)；查资 料；参与；针对；提交，交付 He referred to pollution in his report last week. 上周在报告中他提到了 污
46、染问题、 The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers. 商店把投诉转交给制造商 refer to 意思是“提到，谈到，涉及，衣考，查阅” refer to sb. /sth. as 意为“称某人/ 某物为”，to 是介词，不可省略 be referred to( as） 是 refer to 的被动式，意思是“把.称作” When f was saying that I wasnt referring to you. 我那样说的时候，指的并不是你、 The huge clock in London is referred to as
47、“Big Ben”. 伦 敦的大钟被称 为“ 大本钟” They referred to their friendly teacher as“Mother“ 他们把和善的老师称为“妈妈” 7. compare vt. &vi比较，对 照；比作 He cannot compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies. 作 为一个悲剧作家，他无法和莎士比亚相比 compare. with 意为“把.与进行比较相比” compare. to. 意为“ 把比作.” ，含“比喻”之意 compare with sb. /sth意 为 和某人或某事物相比或
48、值得相比” Its necessary to compare English with Chinese in English study学英语时有必要把英语和汉语进行比较 Compare this with that，and youll which is better. 把这个同那个比较，你就知道哪个更好了 He began comparing himself pith the students. 他开始把自己和学生比较起来 Young people are often compared to the rising still. 年轻人常被比作初升的大阳 The writer of the poem compares his loser to a rose. 诗的作者把他的爱人比作玫瑰。 注意 compare 的过去分词作状语时，compared to 和 compare with在应用上无区别，常被用于句首或句末。 This hardship is
