1、初二英语上册知识点总结反义疑问句The pictures are beautiful, arent they? Yes, they are.Its a nice day, isnt it? Yes, it is.You like sports, dont you? Yes, I do.It looks like rain, doesnt it? No, it doesnt.以上疑问句表示说话者对某事已有看法，为了可靠或出于礼貌发问，以求得确切答案，称为反意疑问句。反意疑问句由两个部分组成：陈述句附加疑问句。注意：1前一部分肯定，后一部分否定；前一部分否定，后一部分肯定。如：Henry is a
2、 good boy, isnt he?She cant drive, can she?2除 there be 句型之外，疑问句的主语必须与陈述部分的主语在人称、数、性方面保持一致。如：She went there last Sunday, didnt she?Mr. White was careless, wasnt he?The kite flies very high, doesnt it?They study hard, dont they?We wont go there, will we?3如果陈述句有一个助动词（包括情态动词），其疑问句用同一助动词（情态动词）。如：You can
3、swim, cant you?He hasnt met my sister, has he?4当陈述句是“Im 表语” 时，由于“am not”无省略形式，附加疑问句用 “arent I”代替。如：Im late, arent I?Im a student, arent I?5当陈述部分是祈使句时，后面的附加疑问句用 will you? /wont you?/can you? /cant you?祈使句的否定结构后只能用 will you? 如：Open the window, wont you?Sit down, can you?Dont forget, will you?6如果陈述句是 t
4、here be 结构，在附加疑问句中用 be not there 结构? 如：There is something wrong, isnt there?There wont be any trouble, will there?7当前面的陈述句中有含否定意义的如 no, never, hardly 等词时，应视为否定句，其后的附加疑问句应用肯定。如：He has few friends, does he?You have never been here, have you?She can hardly write her name, can she?8当陈述部分是 lets时，其后附加疑问句用
5、 shall we?当陈述句部分是 let us时，其后附加疑问句用 will you?Lets go home together, shall we?Let us go home, will you?9反意疑问句要用 yes, no 来回答。只要事实是肯定的，用 yes；事实是否定的，用 no.不管提问时是肯定还是否定。如：你现在正站着，对下面疑问句的回答完全是一样的。注意几种时态的区别：到目前为止，我们已经学习了以下几种时态：（1）一般现在时：表示经常、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。We study hard at school every day.He goes to school by
6、bike.（2）一般过去时：表示在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。Did you go there last week?I went to see my uncle yesterday.（3）一般将来时：表示在将来会发生的动作或存在的状态。Ill come to see you next Sunday.She is babysitting her sister this weekend.We are going to Wuhan next Monday.（4）现在进行时：表示在说话时或现阶段正在发生的动作或存在的状态。Is she listeni
7、ng to music?He is having a meeting.（5）过去进行时：表示在过去某个时间正在发生的动作或存在的状态。What was she doing when you came in?They were watching TV when I went into the room.（6）现在完成时：表示在说话时刚刚结束的某一动作或状态。I have learned English for 5 years.Have you ever been to Singapore?（7）现在完成进行时：表示某一在过去开始，一直延续到现在，有可能刚刚结束，也有可能要继续下去的动作。We h
8、ave been skating for two hours.She has been learning Chinese since she came to China.注意各种时态的构成形式和不同功能。直接引语与间接引语1直接引语与间接引语当我们引用别人的话时，我们可以用别人的原话，也可以用自己的话把意思转述出来。如果是引用原话，被引用的部分被称为直接引语(Direct Speech)。如果转述别人的话，就被称为间接引语（Indirect Speech）e.g.Lana said,“Im not going to her house on Friday night.”（直接引语）Lana s
9、aid (that) she was not going to her house on Friday night. （间接引语）直接宾语通常都用引号“”括起来，间接引语多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。如果引用的句子原来是个陈述句，我们在间接引语中就要注意以下几点：一般情况下，通常有以下的变化：在直接引语中 在间接引语中指示代词thisthesethatthose表时间的词nowtodaythis week (month, etc)yesterdaylast week (month, etc)three days(a year etc) agothenthat daythat week (mon
10、th, etc)the day beforethe week (month etc) beforethree days (a year, etc) beforetomorrownext week(month, etc)the next (fallowing) daythe next (following) week表地点的词 here there动词comebringgotake2当直接引语为一般疑问句时，间接引语由 if 或 whether 引导。其人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语等的变化与陈述句的变化相同，另还要注意将疑问句的语序变成陈述句。在这种情况下，通常将 say 改成 ask，在后面
11、可以加上一个间接宾语(me, him, us 等)。3当直接引语为特殊疑问句时，将其改成由原来的特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，将其语序改变成陈述句的语序。（其它变化与前面的两种句型相同。）4当直接引语为祈使句时，我们通常用一个简单句来转述，这个请求或命令通常由一个复合宾语来表示；其动词通常用 tell, ask, order 等。现在完成时现在完成时表示在说话时刚刚结束的某一动作或状态，强调对现在的影响，由“助动词have/has +动词的过去分词”构成。翻译成汉语时通常会用到“已经” 等字样。We have learned five English songs this term.这学期我们已经
12、学了五首英文歌曲。I have seen this movie.我已经看过这部电影。注意 have /has been to; have /has/ gone to ;have / has been in 的区别。I have been toBeijing three times.我去过北京三次。（曾经去过某地现在已回来）Where is Linda? I havent seen her for two days.She has gone to London for holiday. She will be back next week.琳达哪儿去了？我两天没看见她了。她到伦敦度假去了。下周回
13、来。（某人到某地去了，现在不在这里）We havebeen inthis city for 10 years.我们在这个城市里生活了 10 年了。（表示状态）辨析：have been in, have gone to 与 have been tobeen 是系动词 be 的过去分词形式。be 有多种形式：一般现在时态形式是 am, is, are,过去式是 was, were, 现在分词形式是 being。have been in 在多长时间了I have been in the cinema for three hours.我在电影院里待了 3 个小时。三者都是现在完成时态，“have be
14、en to地点” 表示去过某处，现在已经回来，不在那里了；而“have gone to地点”则表示到某处去了，现在还没有回来，可能在去的途中，也可能在那里或返回的途中；“have been in地点” 表示某人在某处待了多长时间。试比较：He has been to Beijing. 他去过北京。（现在不在北京）He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。（现在在北京或在途中）He has been in Beijing for two years. 他在北京两年了。八、Would you mind? 你介意做吗?这是英语中委婉请求的表达方式，语气委婉、客气、礼貌，易于对方接受
15、。其结构是 would you mind动名词其他?注意针对该句型的回答，英汉有别。如果表示“不介意” ，常说 “No, not at allplease do go aheadcertainly not”；表示“介意”，则用“Im sorry, but I doId rather you didntyoud better not”等。如：Would you mind my asking you a few questions? 请教您几个问题好吗？No, please do. 不介意，请讲。又如：Would you mind if I took this seat? 我可以坐这个座位吗？So
16、rry, but its been taken. 对不起，这个位置有人坐。在 3a 中小结了几种请求帮助的句子结构，请注意。肯定结构：Would you minddoing?Could you pleasedo?Would you pleasedo?Pleasedo否定结构：Would you mind not doing?Could you please not do?Would you please not do?Please dont do初二英语上册知识点总结：短语、句型1、如有 always ,often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, onc
17、e a.,every.用一般现在时，第一、二人称复数后跟动词原形，第三人称单数后跟动词加s/es。2、如有 now ,look! ,listen, at the moment .用现在进行时，结构是 be (am, is, are) +v-ing3、如有 tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in +一段时间, some day, next.用一般将来时，结构：will + v 原 be going to +v 原（没有动词用 be ）4、如有 yesterday, .ago , last.just now.用一般过去时动词加 edgiv
18、e sb. Sth.=give sth. to sb.给某人某物 every day 每天,write down 写下，记下 write it (them) down everyday 每天的，日常的,how about doing sth.=what about doing sth.做. 怎么样 each other 互相.thanks a lot= thank you very much 非常谢谢回答 Thats all right. =Youre welcome.= ThatOK.= Its my pleasure.=Not at all.Why dont you+V 原.=why no
19、t+.V 原 为什么不help sb. with sth.在某方面帮助别人 help sb. (to )do sth.帮助某人做某事with ones help=with the help of sb.在某人的帮助 help oneself to sth.请自用食物watch sb. do sth.看到某人做了某事，（现在没有做，做过）watch sb. doing sth.看到某人正在做某事（正在做） see, hear 类似remember to do sth.想起记得要做某事，未做事 remember doing sth.相起记得做过某事forget to do sth.忘记要做某事 f
20、orget doing sth.忘记做过某事welcome back 欢迎回来 , new term 新学期this term 这学期, next term 下学学期,last term 上学期, give you some advice 给你一些建议why not 为什么不, make a mistake=make mistakes 犯错误correct spelling 正确的拼写, what else?=what other things? 还有什么a piece of advice 一条建议, follow /take ones advice 采用别人的建议,send sth to s
21、b.=send sb. sth.寄给某人 send for 派人去请/取send up 发射. all the time 一直enjoy oneself=have a good time=have a great time=have fun,玩得愉快lots of =a lot of =many(可数)much(不可数)许多, ,spend : sb. spend some time on sth.某人花费时间做某事sb. spend some time (in) doing sth.某人花费时间做某事Sb. spend some money on sth.某人花费钱买某物Sb. spend some money (in) buying sth.某人花费钱买某物Cost: sth. cost sb. some money 某物花去某人钱pay: sb. pay some money for sth.某人支付钱Take: It takes (took) sb.some time to do sth.做某事花去某人时间
