1、2009 年以前考试04 年语言学试卷1.Define the following terms:20 points 1) langue 2) parole 3) allophone 4) semantic field 5) cohesion 2.Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation between any items in the following poem by Lu Xun 10points 岂有豪情似旧时？花开花落两由之。 何期泪洒江南雨，又为斯民哭健儿！ 3.Give some lexical items to illu
2、strate social dialects. Try to explain their connotations.20 points 4. What can this rule mean in English grammar? 10 points D-id/t- 5. Define the following sounds in terms of articulatory features10 points 6.Try to tell some of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese nominal co
3、nstructions. Supply some examples.10 points 7.We can use the pattern “it is ”to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if we must emphasize it ? Please give examples to highlight your emphasis of any part of this sentence :15points I bought a book in the city yesterday
4、.8. Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language.15 points 9. Observe the following sentences: 老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到他自己的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到自己的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到儿子。 Which sentence is clear in its meaning? Which one is unclear? Try to explain why. Point out some features of the
5、Chinese language.10points 10.Discuss the following 2 sentences, and tell why we can assign different values to the year of fifteen:10 points She is already fifteen, and yet she is crying over such a small thing.She has done it very well;She is only fifteen, you know. 11.What can linguistics do for l
6、anguage learning and teaching? (10 points) 12.Determiner Phrase (DP) is the name newly given to the NP in generative grammar. A DP can be a form like 1)a book; 2)the book; 3)books; 4)the book. This name may be better than the old name of NP in that it reminds us of sth when we (Chinese speakers) lea
7、rn or teach English. Do you agree to this? Try to tell anything significant here. (10 points)09 年语言学试题1.define the following phonemes.2.解释下面的概念。共 6 个，任选 4 个。sememe；image schema；endocentric construction ； cohort model；displacement function of language；foregrounding.3.最简单的一题。题目给出几个关于 lexical change 的例
8、子。让你写出在语言学中这叫做什么现象。teleprinter+exchange-WTO World Trade Organization-bird young birdany kind of bird-stump the part of a tree trunk left protruding from the groundto challenge-temperature 后面是这个词的音标注释，课本上有就是 loss.phonological change 里面的4.好像是从下面三个题目中选两个来解释一下functions of inflectional morpheme and deriv
9、ational morpheme.the relevance theory5.和第四题有点混。都是解释给出的题目，从中选择几道。还有一个关于 blending theory 的问题，具体是什么不记得了，这部分实在看不懂。the strong version and weak version of sapir-whorf hypothesis.the systemic-functional grammar6.When the English meet, they say its a fine day, while we chinese say have you eaten. distinguis
10、h the difference influenced by sociolinguistic factors. and give some other more examples please. 7.what is language transfer? what are the roles played by language tranfer?8.what are the components of communicative competence.describe three of them.use e.g. if necesary.9.define the following terms.
11、summaritive assessment and formative assessmentthe bottom-up and top-down models in teaching reading10.how to develop professional competence of language teaching for teachers.10 年语言学试卷1.define the following sound /d/ /j/ /i/ / /shi / 2.define the following itemacronym converse antonym cohesion3.giv
12、e the structure of SYLLABLE4.What is task-based language teaching ?give two examples of tasks5.what is “form-focused“instruction? why is there a renewed calls for it ?pare and make a contrast about the following pairscognitive variables vs affective variablescognitive strategies vs meta-cognitive st
13、rategies7.tell about the main idea of Chomskys transformational grammar8.analyse the following dialogue and answer the questions “where is john?“his car is in front of Marys house “a.what is the implicature in it ?b.name the features of communication implicature, tell how can we cancell the implicat
14、ure in the above dialogue9.what is multi-intelligence? tell the implication it gives to the practical second language learning and teaching10.some people think learners competence of native language proficiency detemines or influence his or her second language loearning .do you agree? illustrate you
15、r reasons11.tell the relationship between STEM , AFFIX and ROOTwith examples 12. what are descriptive and prescriptive methodology of linguistics 13. what is grammar awareness? how to improve the ability of it?11 年语言学试卷1.define the following terms(5*5=25points) (1)displacement of language (2)Distinc
16、tive feature in phonology(3) cognitive metaphor(4) foreground theory in literature (5) Phrase Structure Grammer in TG2. Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms in the field of language learning and teaching(3*5=15points).(1)“top-down“process and “bottom-up“process；(2)“extroversion“ and “in
17、troversion“;(3)“content validity“ and “construst validity“ in testing;3.Answer the following question briefly(2*10=20points)(1)What the main idea of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?Do you agree or not?(2)How do you understand the cohesion and coherence of a text?4.What is Acculturation Theory? What implicati
18、ons does this theory have for the pratice of language teaching and learning?(10points）5.What are cognitive variables？In what ways do cognitive variables facilitate or constrain language acquistion?(10points)6.State the Cooperative Principle and the four maxims put forward by Grice.what did Sperber a
19、nd Wilison aim to develop from Grice in the Relevance theory(15points)7.Imagine you have just observed an English lesson.what criteria would you like to use to evaluate the effectiveness of the lesson?List at least 5 items and give your reasons(10points)8.Illustrate with examples what Functional Gra
20、mmar in systemic Functional Linguistic is.(15points)9.Some people claim that a learners competence of his native language proficiency will determine,or influence,his or her second language learning.Do you agree or disagree with this statement?Give your reason for argument.(15points)10.“Wanting to le
21、arn is more important than having to learn“.How do you understand this statement?How do you apply it in the English class?(15points)12 年语言学试卷1.What is assimilationvelarization, nasalization，dentalization2.Six types of noun plurality and list them in phonemic description(/z/, /s/, /iz/3.The 6 propert
22、ies of sentence subject，cite examples4.What is referential theory. Tell about its drawbacks5.List 5 types of image schema, cite examples. Explain why it is important6.Ways of speech and thought representation7.Linguistic corpus, how it applies in (1) Speech research (2) Lexical research (3) semantic
23、s research (4) sociological research (5) psychological research 8.What are the Relational Process of the transitivity of the Systemic-Functional Grammar9.Explain and comment on “when in Rome do as the Romans do“, “Put yourself in other shoes“, “One cultures meat is another cultures poison“ 10.conver
24、sational implicature on violation of Grice four maxims and cite examples pare and contrast(1) Extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation“(2) Item facility and item discrimination in testing (3)Quantitative research and qualitative research12.What is portfolio assessment, how to do a portfolio ass
25、essment and what is its importance 13.Explain interlanguage theory and what we can learn from it.14.Task-based approach in teaching and explain（1）task design (2) teachers role (3) students role15.about ways for continued investigation by teachers13 年语言学试卷1.Definition（ 4*5=20）Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis，
26、foregrounding，t-unit，curriculum development （or syllabus design），content validity2.describe phones according to manner of articulation（题目已给出具体分类） and place of articulation（已给出具体分类），voiced/voiceless. 12 个音，共 5 分3.functions of derivational and inflectional morphemes, give examples(10)4.can the objects
27、 in the following sentences be called objects in real sense?(1)John hunted a tiger(2)John built a house (3) John climbed a mountain(4) John likes Mary (5) John smiled a sad smile (6)John plays plementary antonyms 和 converse antonymsAlive:dead husband:wife presenrt: absent belove:aboveBefeore:after e
28、mpolyer:employee seller:buyer6.what is construal in cognitive linguistics? how many types of construal we usually have? explain and give examples.(ATTENTION; JUDEJEMANT; PERSPECTIVE)107.are performative and constative verbs proposed by Austin first finally judged acceptable and unacceptable?why8.sim
29、ilarities and differences between British Functional Anthropology repesented by Malinowski and Amerian Anthropology represented by Boas and Smonalities and differences between interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function and phatic communion10.what is sampling in observational cla
30、ss? give examples to illustrate11.Hallidays view in the language development is meaning potential(大概是这样)what is your understanding of this view?what is the implications for second language learning and teaching?12.Stephen Krashens Input Hypothesis and implications for learning language13.underlying
31、theories of Communicative Approach to language learning and main dimensions of communicative competence.14 年语言学试卷1.Definition（ 1）descriptive & prescriptive（2）presupposition &entailment（3）metonymy & metaphor（4）discrete-point test & integrative test（5）bilingualism & diglossia（6）teaching method & teach
32、ing methodology2. What is arbitrariness? What is iconity? How they are related? What do you think about the arbitrariness and iconity?3. Explain the word formation of the following five words: a.Coke b.brunch c.bus d.edit e.tofu4. What is assimilation in phonology? Give at least three categories of
33、assimilation. 5. The cooperative principles and maximsa. Have you ever seen john? no, if I deny not seeing him, I would not tell a lieb. What do you buy?just some stuffs.c. What do you want?not c-h-o-c-o-l-a-t-e.d. John is a bad bag.it is really a nice day.6. The difference between transformational-
34、generative grammar and systemic-functional grammar.7. How do you understand the empiricism view, the prominence view and the attention view of cognitive linguistics（15 分）8. Use examples to explain the factors affect the listening task ,make comment about it (15)9. Define the action research and how
35、it is helpful in class（15 分）10.Explain the genre-based approach in writing .(20 分)基础英语10 年基础英语试卷第一大题，语法，二十五分。1。给了一段话，动词时态填空，一共十个。关于美国总统离职的演讲。十分。2.给出四个报纸的新闻标题，从这四个标题中概括出共同的语法特征。十分。3.给出一个长句（两行，四个分句），分析它的 grammatical features。五分。第二大题，词汇，二十五分。1.给出十五句话，每句话挖出一个单词，留下首字母，让填出这个单词。每句后面的括号里有对这句话的解释。每题一分。格式： a_
36、 （解释）2.给出 Word Bank 的完形填空。关于各种鸟筑巢的说明文。一共二十个空，每空零点五分。第三大题，阅读，五十分。Passage 1 关于对人脑的生物实验。段落大意连线，一共就三段，但给出了五六个备选项。六分。Passage 2 关于美国对安乐死的争议。五个选择题。十分。Passage 3 关于文学史上著名作家对简奥斯汀的评价。五个问答题，每个题用十个以内的词回答。十分。Passage 4 关于温室效应的最新研究。这段文章比较长，一页多。三个小题。第一小题，给出五六句话，问这些观点在文中是：Yes/No/Doesnt say第二小题，三个选择题。第三小题，用一百词左右总结一下作者
37、的观点。第四大题，翻译，五十分。汉译英：关于中国和法国名片的使用，不长，也就七八行的样子。二十五分。英译汉：关于教学法，应当让学习与生活密切结合，文章比较长，有点难，长句很多。二十五分。11 年基础英语试卷第一题 完型填空好像 20 个空，没有选项，但都比较简单。内容是讲学外语可以防止老年痴呆。第二题 选总结句一篇文章，描写嘎纳电影节后，常在非洲一个偏僻小国举行的一个一周左右的庆典。每个自然段都要选出一个概括该自然段主要内容的句子。选项已给出，其中好像有两个干扰项。比较简单。第三题 选段填空从文中摘出来 n 个自然段，打乱顺序，然你填进去，有一个干扰项。虽然有承上启下的句子但还是比较难抉择。文
38、章讲的是university research 的不可靠性，作者主张不要听信任何科学研究，要有自己的判断。第四题阅读William Golding 的 thinking as a hobby,跟现代大学英语上的第一篇文章内容几乎一样，只不过课本把爱因斯坦那端给删了，而考题把老师和女友那些段落给删了！本阅读只有 2 个问题，一个让你说 3 种不同层次的 thinker 是怎样的，并自己举例人物 and give your reasons.第二个让你 elaborate 文章的最后两段，具体大家看课本就可以了，就是课本的那最后两段。第五题 英译中谈校园的种族隔离与立法间的关系。该题只挑出了几句划线
39、的让翻译，就像普通的考研英语统考题型一样。比较简单。第五题 作文（40 分！）要求写 400-500 字的作文。说说你对现在人们 encourage young people to achieve great things, 告诉他们努力拼搏没有办不到的，其实这种做法会有潜在 harm 等等，你同意或者反对？12 年基础英语试卷一，完形填空 20 分 不给出词语 关于 女人比男人更容易 suffer from the despression.二，选择 从给出的 AG 的标题中给下文阅读的各段落选合适的标题，有一个选项是多余的，是关于 rain forest三，选择 段落 AF 是从原文中挪出的
40、，从中选择合适的段落放在文中空出的地方，有一个选项是多余的，关于做梦的。四，阅读文章回答两个问题 24 分 内容是关于 test in Chinna 一个美国家长写的，Q1：文中有句话是“life is filled with all kinds of testssome you ace and some you flant(这个单词记不准了，大概意思是 fail 或者 not good)to some extent you have to get used to it “ 问 what does the author mean? do you agree? why?Q2:文中又提到奥巴马的
41、race to the top 有的专家支持有的教育专家反对more tests,问他们的 arguments 是那些？你赞同那一个 group 的观点？why? 五，翻译 30 分 英译汉 是一篇关于 human relation or man-management 的文章 中间有五个划线部分的句子，翻译成汉语。里面没什么难的词汇不太难六，作文 40 分 先给出一个 position: the developing of technology causes the lost of traditionnal culture. technology development and traditi
42、onal culture is incompatibleyou can not get both together. 你是否同意 this position? why？ 据此写个 400500 字的文章。13 年基础英语试卷第一题，无选项填空，20 空 20 分 关于 chronic anger 的,从网上找到了这篇文章，只能想起这几个空了。嗨The psychoanalyst Karen Horneytheorized that victims of chronic anger may not have had theiremotional needs met in infancy and
43、toddlerhood. This led them tosuffer from an underlying condition called basic anxiety, theunverbalized impression that the world is unsafe and threatening. One way anadult can defend against basic anxiety is by repressing it andconverting it to anger. Threats are anticipated and dealt withwhile they are still far away on the psychological horizon. Thus,Horney looks on much chronic anger as a defense against
