1、酸碱平衡和水电解质紊乱acid-base disorders 酸碱失衡 acid-base balance 酸碱平衡 acute/chronic acidosis 急性/慢性酸中毒 acidemia 酸血症acute/chronic alkalosis 急性/慢性碱中毒 alkalemia 碱血症simple acid-base disorder 单纯性酸碱失衡mixed acid-base disorder 混合性酸碱失衡buffer system 缓冲对系统 anion gap 阴离子间隙delta gap 阳离子间隙 respiratory acidosis 呼酸respiratory
2、alkalosis 呼碱 metabolic acidosis 代酸metabolic alkalosis 代碱 hypochloremia 低氯血症hyperchloremia 高氯血症 hypoxemia 低氧血症hyperoxemia 高氧血症 hypocalcemia 低钙血症hypercalcemia 高钙血症 hypokalemia 低钾血症hyperkalemia 高钾血症 hyponatremia 低钠血症hypernatremia 高钠血症 magnesium deficiency 镁缺乏magnesium excess 镁过多 hypomagnesemia 低镁血症hype
3、rmagnesemia 高镁血症 hypophosphatemia 低磷血症hyperphosphatemia 高磷血症 hypercapnia 高碳酸血症posthypercapnic metabolic alkalosis 高碳酸血症后碱中毒diabetic ketoacidosis 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 uremia 尿毒症lactic acidosis 乳酸酸中毒saline-responsive alkalosis 盐水反应性碱中毒saline-resistant alkalosis 盐水抵抗性碱中毒isotonic dehydration 等渗性缺水 hypotonic dehydra
4、tion 低渗性缺水hypertonic dehydration 高渗性缺水 edema 水肿water intoxication 水中毒休克shock 休克 hemorrhagic shock 失血性休克traumatic shock 创伤性休克 septic shock 脓毒性休克shock lung 休克肺 shock kidney 休克肾软组织感染furuncle 疖 paronychia 甲沟炎 erysipelas 丹毒 acute phlegmon 急性蜂窝织炎 acute lymphangitis 急性淋巴管炎acute lymphadenitis 急性淋巴结 furuncul
5、osis 疖病 carbuncle 痈abscess 脓肿 acute ulcer 急性溃疡 chronic ulcer 慢性溃疡fistula cannulas 瘘管 sinus tract 窦道 felon 脓性指头炎外科营养肠外营养 parenteral nutrition 或 intravenous nutrition肠内营养 enteral nutrition 代谢性并发症 metabolic complications胆汁淤积 cholestasis 基础能量消耗 basal energy expenditure BEE误吸 aspiration 腹泻 diarrhea外科手术手术
6、刀 scalpel 刀片 blade刀柄 hilt 手术剪 surgical scissors止血钳 hemostatic forceps 直血管钳 straight clamp弯血管钳 Kelly clamp 蚊式止血钳 mosquito forceps有齿止血钳 kocher forceps 手术镊 forceps组织钳 tissue forceps or allis forceps 持针器 needle holder缝合针 suture needle 拉钩 retractor巾钳 towel clip 环钳 ring forceps不可吸收缝线 nonabsorbable suture
7、丝线 silk suture切开 incision 剥离 dissection止血 hemostasis 结扎 ligation缝合 suture 剪线 cutting suture拆线 removing suture 引流 drainage骨科arthro-关节 articulo-关节 cranio-颅osteo-骨 burso-囊 chondro-软骨costo-肋骨 myelo-骨髓 spondylo-椎骨thoraco-胸的 vertebra-椎骨 fascio-筋膜teno/tendo/tendino-肌 -kinesia 运 -porosis 多孔 -trophy 发育 -mala
8、cia 软化1、 中轴骨 AXIAL BONESbone n.骨 rib n.肋 vertebrae n.椎骨cervical vertebrae 颈椎 thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 sternum n.胸骨sacrum n.骶骨 coccyx 尾骨sternal manubrium 胸骨柄 xiphoid process 剑突atlas n.寰椎 axis n.枢椎sternal angle 胸骨角 thoracic cage 胸廓2、颅 SKULLskull n. parietal bone 顶骨 frontal bone 额骨occip
9、ital bone 枕骨 emporal bone 颞骨 sphenoid bone 蝶骨ethmoid bone 筛骨 mandible n.下颌骨 hyoid bone 舌骨 vomer n.犁骨 maxilla n.上颌骨 palatine bone 腭骨nasal bone 鼻骨 lacrimal bone 泪骨 zygomatic bone 颧骨inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲 orbit n.眶coronal suture 冠状缝 sagital suture 矢状缝 lambdoid suture 人字缝 cranial fontanelle 颅囟2、 附肢骨
10、TARSAL BONES AND EXTREMITAL BONESclavicle n.锁骨 scapula n.肩胛 humerus n.肱骨 radius n.桡骨 ulna n.尺骨 carpal bone 腕骨metacarpal bone 掌骨 phalanges n.指骨，趾骨hip bone 髋骨 ilium n.髂骨 ischium n.坐骨 pubis n.耻骨 femur n.股骨 patella n.髌骨tibia n.胫骨 fibula n.腓 骨 tarsal bone 跗骨 metatarsal bone 跖骨4、关节韧带flexion n.屈 extension
11、n. 伸展 adduction n.收 medial rotation 旋内 lateral rotation 旋外 pronation n 旋前.supination n.旋后 circumduction n.环转 vertebral column 脊柱temporal-mandibular joint 颞下颌关节articulation n.关节 ligament n.韧带intervertebral disc 椎间盘 shoulder joint 肩关节elbow joint 肘关节 radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节pelvis n.骨盆 hip joint 髋关节 knee
12、 joint 膝关节ankle joint 踝关节 arthrography n.关节造影 compacta n.骨密度 epiphysis n.骨骺 ossification n.骨化synovial joints 滑膜关节 fibrous 纤维连结 syndesmosis 韧带连结 cartilaginous joints 软骨连结 articular surface (cavity)关节面(腔) suture 缝articular disk 关节盘 articular labrum 关节唇 articular capsule 关节囊 extracapsular ligament 囊外韧带
13、 intracapsular ligament 囊内韧带 yellow ligament 黄韧带 fibrous layer (membrane)纤维层，纤维膜 synovial layer (membrane) 滑膜层，滑膜 ynovial fold (villi)滑膜襞 synovial fluid 滑液 circumduction 环转运动 vertebral joints 椎骨连结ionterspinous ligament 棘间韧带 intertransverse ligament 横突间韧带 Intervertebral symphysis 椎间联合 interverbral di
14、scs 椎间盘 Fibrous rings 纤维环 Pulpiform nucleus 髓核 Anterior longitudinal 前纵韧带 Posterior longitudinal 后纵韧带 Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节 Lumbosacral joint 腰骶连结 Costovertebral joints 肋椎关节 Joint of costal head 肋头关节 Lambdoid suture 人字缝Costotransverse joint 肋横突关节 Cranial suture 颅缝 Sternocostal joints 胸肋关节 Corona
15、l (sagittal) suture 冠矢状缝 Synchondroses of cranium 颅结合 Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节 joints of shoulder girdle 上肢带连结 coracoacromial ligament 喙间韧带Coracoclavicular ligament 喙锁韧带 Acromioclavicular joint 肩锁关节 Elbow joint 肘关节Sternoclavicular joint 胸锁关节 Shoulder joint 肩关节 Humeroulnar joint 肱尺关节 Joints of h
16、and 手关节 Humeroradial joint 肱桡关节 Radiocarpal joint ,wrist joint 桡腕关节，腕关节 Intercarpal joints 腕骨间关节 Carpometacarpal joints 腕掌关节 Carpometacarpal joint of thumb 拇指腕掌关节 Intermetacarpal joints 掌骨间关节 Metacarpophalangeal joints 掌指关节 Interphalangeal joints of hand 指骨间关节 Joints of pelvic girdle 下肢带连结 Pubic sym
17、physis 耻骨联合 Interpubic disc 耻骨间盘 Obturator membrane 闭孔膜 Sacroiliac joints 骶髂关节 Pelvis 骨盆 Sacrotuberous ligament 骶结节韧带 Greater (lesser) sciatic foramen 坐骨大(小)孔 Terminal line 界线 Greater (lesser) pelvis 大小骨盆 Superior (posterior) pelvic aperture 骨盆上下口 Pubic arch 耻骨弓 Subpubic angle 耻骨下角 Pelvic cavity 骨盆腔
18、 Joints of free lower limb 自由下肢连结 Hip joint 髋关节 Knee joint 膝关节 Transverse acetabular lig.髋臼横韧带 Ligament of head of femur 股骨头韧带 Medial (lateral) meniscus 内外侧半月板 Transverse ligament of knee 膝横韧带 Anterior cruciate ligament 前交叉韧带 Posterior cruciate ligament 后交叉韧带 Fibular (tibial) collateral ligament 腓(
19、胫)侧副韧带 Ligament of patella 髌韧带 Tibiofibular joint 胫腓关节 Tibiofibular syndesmosis 胫腓连结 Crural interosseous membrane 小腿骨间膜 Joints of foot 足关节 ankle joint，踝关节talocrural joint,距小腿关节 intertarsal joints 跗骨间关节 subtalar joint, talocalcaneal joint 距下关节距跟关节 transverse tarsal joint 跗横关节 talocalcaneonavicular jo
20、int 距跟舟关节 tarsometatarsal joint 跗跖关节 transverse arch 横弓intermetatarsal joints 跖骨间关节 metatarsophalangeal joint 跖趾关节 interphalangeal joints of foot 跖骨间关节 arch of foot, tarsometatarsal arch 足弓，跗跖弓 medial (lateral) longitudinal arch 内(外)侧纵弓 其他Arthrosclerosis 关节硬化 Chondromalacia 软骨软化症 Degenerated Joint D
21、isease 变性关节炎 Bone graft 骨移植Clavicle Fracture 锁骨骨折 Pelvic Fracture 骨盆骨折Plastic Paris Cast 整形硬石膏 Amputation 截肢Matastatic Lesion 转移性损害 Osteoporosis 骨质疏松症 Prosthesis Replacement 人工弥补置换术腹部脏器Stomach 胃 Liver 肝 Small intestine 小肠Colon 结肠（ascending，transverse，descending，sigmoid）Duodenum 十二指肠 Jejunum 空肠 Ileum
22、 回肠Pancreas 胰 Spleen 脾 Bile duct 胆管Gallbladder 胆囊 Kidney 肾 Rectum 直肠Cecum 盲肠 large intestine 大肠vermiform appendix 阑尾 anal canal 肛管辅助检查Abdominocentesis 腹腔穿刺 Urinalysis 尿分析 Abdominal ultrasonography 腹部超声检查Barium enema 钡灌肠 Barium swallow 钡餐Liver biopsy 肝活检 Stool culture 粪检Retrograde pyelogram 逆行肾盂造影End
23、oscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 经内镜逆行性胆胰管造影Blood urea nitrogen 血尿素氮Urine culture and sensitivity 尿培养和敏感试验Urinalysis 尿分析内镜Gastroscopy 胃窥镜 Enteroscopy 小肠内镜Colonoscopy 结肠内镜 Cystoscopy 膀胱镜ureteroscope 输尿管镜术式Highly selective vagotomy 高选择性迷走神经切断术Gastrojejunostomy 胃空肠吻合术Truncal vagotomy 迷走神经切断术
24、 Laparotomy 开腹Enterectomy 肠切除术 Appendectomy 阑尾切除术Choledochectomy 胆总管切除术 Colectomy 结肠切除术 Cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术 Colostomy 结肠造瘘Subtotal gastrectomy 胃大部切除术Pancreatoduodenectomy 胰十二指肠切除术Right/left hemicolectomy 右/左半结肠切除术Abdominoperineal resection 腹会阴联合直肠癌切除术Low anterior resection 直肠低位前切除术Hepatectomy 肝切除术
25、 Nephrectomy 肾切除术Nephron sparing surgery 保留肾单位手术Ureteroneocystostomy 膀胱输尿管吻合术orchiectomy ; testectomy 睾丸切除术ureterectomy 输尿管切除术cystectomy 膀胱切除术cysto-urethral anastomosis 膀胱输尿管吻合术partial or radical nephrectomy 局部/根治性肾切除术PCNL：percutaneous nephrostolithotomy 经皮肾取石术ESWL: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 体外冲击波碎石术Surgical exploration 手术探查
