1、1新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程第一册Zooming in: An Integrated English Course, Book 1Unit Three Knowing YourselfLearning Objectives of Unit Three Explore your personality and share your understanding of personalities with your classmates Master the usage of the key words and useful expressions in Text A and Text B Ga
2、in a better understanding of personality from the two texts Appreciate the rhetorical effect of simile and contrast Learn to develop an English paragraph in cause and effect patternI. Warm-up Activities 1.1 Activity 1: What Is Personality?Directions: Listen to the passage carefully and answer the fo
3、llowing questions.1. When did Furukawa Takeji, the Japanese doctor, propose his findings?2. People of which blood type are very patient?3. What personality traits do type O people have?4. What is your blood type? Do you believe in Takejis theory? Why or why not?Keys: 1. He proposed his findings near
4、ly a century ago.2. Type A people are very patient.3. They are stubborn, impulsive, and loyal to their friends.4. Open-ended.Directions: Listen to the passage again and fill in the blanks with the missing words.1. Type A people are conservative and _, and are concerned with _.2. Type B people get al
5、ong well with others because they are _, and are noted for their _. But they are also moody and become _ and _ easily.3. Type AB people are _ and _. They tend to be _ and _.4. Today market researchers use it to predict _ _, and ordinary people use it to choose friends and _ _.Keys:1. passive appeara
6、nces22. straightforward creativity bored annoyed3. indecisive picky demanding impatient4. buying habits romantic partnersScript:East Asias obsession with blood types comes from the work of Furukawa Takeji, a Japanese doctor who nearly a century ago was sure that ones personality was caused by his/he
7、r blood type. According to his theory, each blood type had a distinctive, corresponding personality type.Type A people are conservative and passive, and are concerned with appearances. Although type A people are superficial and have a touch of mental instability, they are very patient and finish wha
8、t they start.Type B people get along well with others because they are straightforward, and are noted for their creativity. But type B people are also moody and become bored and annoyed easily.Type O people are stubborn and impulsive. Their redeeming quality is that they are loyal to their friends.T
9、ype AB people are indecisive and picky. They tend to be demanding and impatient, and they have trouble seeing things through.Despite any real evidence to support these ideas, Takejis theory quickly caught on. By 1930, standard job application forms included a blank for blood type, and today market r
10、esearchers use it to predict buying habits, and ordinary people use it to choose friends and romantic partners. Activity 2: What Personalities Do you Like/Dislike Most?Directions: Work in groups and choose six of the words on next page that best describe the personality traits you like/dislike most.
11、 Then one member of each group will state the reasons for the order of choices. truthful responsible independent patient talkative loyal shyintellectual confident sociable lazy decisive faithful considerate broad-minded narrow-minded humorous critical optimistic pessimistic generous selfish conserva
12、tive outgoing careless carefree ambitious warm-hearted reliable sensitive thoughtful caring passionate possessive stubborn industrious adventurous aggressive impulsiveOptional activity: A Class Report Directions: Make a 2-mintue class report on any of the following topics 1) Do you like your persona
13、lity? Why or why not?2) Have you ever changed your personality? What makes the change?3) What elements have contributed to your present personality?II. Text A Personality Development31. Background Information 1.1 The Johari Window The Johari Window model, developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham, h
14、as been widely used for individuals to see themselves as others see them. There are four windows in the Johari model: things that we and others know about us; things that we know that others dont know about us; things that others see or know about us that we dont realize; and things that neither we
15、nor others know about us or the unconscious self. Training workshops using this model have been established for participants to find out about themselves through self reflection and through feedback from others.1.2 Personality TestsThere are many personality tests available online that one can take.
16、 Visit the websites below and find out what personality you have. The Johari Window Personality Test: (http:/www.accd.edu/sac/speech/sp1311/johari.htm); The Jung-Myers-Briggs Typology Test: (http:/ Myers-Briggs Indicator Test:(http:/ inventory.htm);The DISC Profile (http:/ Keirsey Temperament Sorter
17、:(http:/ Key Words and Useful Expressions2.1 combination n. C (L.2, L.44)the act of combining or state of being combined 联合；合作；结合e.g. A combination of factors led to her decision to resign. 综合各种因素之后她决定辞职。4Pink is a combination of red and white. 粉红色是红色与白色的混合色。短语：make a combination 形成组合a fixed combina
18、tion 固定搭配in combination (with) 联合，与合作2.2 characteristic (L.2 ) 1. n. C a special and easily recognized quality of sb.ne or sth. 特征，特性，特色e.g. These are the characteristics of urban life. 这些就是都市生活的特征。Punctuality is one of his characteristics. 守时是他的特点之一。 2. a. typical; representing a persons or things
19、usual character特有的, 表示特性的, 典型的e.g. The defiant manner is characteristic of teenagers. 那种反抗的态度是青少年所特有的。my friends characteristic laugh 我朋友有特色的笑声the characteristic stripes of the zebra 斑马特有的花条纹2.3 shape (L.8, L.53, L.73) 1. vt. give a particular form to; create 塑造：赋予一个特殊形状；创造e.g. He shaped history as
20、well as being shaped by it. 犹如历史创造了他一样，他也塑造了历史。 2. n. C, U outer form or appearance; outline of an area, a figure, etc 外形； 形状； 样子e.g. Hes a devil in human shape. 他是披着人皮的魔鬼。 The illness has left him in rather poor shape. 他经过这场大病已形容枯槁。 2.4 compose vt. (L.9)1. make up (sth.) ; form (sth.) 组成；构成或形成e.g.
21、England, Scotland, and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. 英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成大不列颠岛。短语be composed of 由组成大不列颠岛由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。The island of Great Britain is composed of England, Scotland, and Wales.2. create or produce (a literary or musical piece) 创作或制作（文学或音乐作品）e.g. She began to compose songs at an
22、early age. 她年轻时就已开始创作歌曲。Im composing a formal reply to the letter. 我正写一封正式的回信。53. bring (oneself/sth.) under control; calm 使（自己/某事物）安定/平静/ 镇静e.g. Please compose yourself; theres no need to get excited! 请镇静, 不必激动!2.5 anxiety n. (L.13) 1. C a state of uneasiness and apprehension, as about future uncer
23、tainties 焦虑，担心e.g. For some people, air travel is a real anxiety. 对一些人来说，飞机旅行是真正使他们焦虑的。His sick wife is a great anxiety to him. 他的太太生病，使他极为焦虑不安。2. U the strong wish to do sth.; eagerness 渴望，急切的热望e.g. anxiety for knowledge 求知欲His anxiety for success in life led him to work hard. 他渴望成功之心促使他努力工作。短语anxi
24、ety about 对的焦虑feel anxiety for/about 为担忧display anxiety 表现出焦虑relieve ones anxiety 消除某人的忧虑2. 6 respond vi. (L.13)1. act in return or in answer 回报或回复；作出反应e.g. She responded to my letter with a phone call. 她收到我的信, 给我回了个电话。 I kicked the dog, which responded with a growl. 我踢了那条狗, 它便狂吠起来。 2. react quickly
25、 or favorably (to sb./sth.)（对某人/某物）反应灵敏e.g. The car responds well to the controls. 这辆汽车操控灵敏。2. 7 entertain vt. (L.34)1. amuse and interest 娱乐；使有兴趣e.g. His jokes entertained us throughout the party. 聚会中从头到尾他以说笑逗乐我们。Could you entertain the children for an hour, while I make supper? 我做晚饭时你能哄孩子们玩一个小时吗？2
26、. receive sb. as a guest; provide food and drink for sb., esp. in ones home 宴客；招待, 款待某人（尤指在自己家中）e.g. Bob and Liz entertained us to dinner last night. 6昨晚鲍勃和利兹设宴招待了我们。 派生词entertainer n. 专业表演者；提供娱乐者entertainment n. 款待, 娱乐 , 娱乐表演entertaining a. 愉快的, 有趣的2.8 effect n. (L.43) 1. C a result or sth. brought
27、 about by a cause or an agent结果, 后果e.g. His stomachache is an effect of overeating. 他因吃得过量而肚子痛。2. U the power to produce an outcome or achieve a result; influence 作用；影响e.g. I soon felt the effect of the sleeping pills. 我很快就感到安眠药在起作用了。短语in effect 实质上；本质上bring/carry/put into effect 实行，实施come/go into e
28、ffect 开始实施，开始生效take effect 生效，奏效2. 9 inherit vt. (L.47)1. receive (a characteristic) from ones parents by genetic transmission承袭；通过基因遗传承袭（某种特征）e.g. She inherited her mothers good looks and her fathers bad temper. 她生来就有母亲的美貌和父亲的坏脾气。 Half of the people who inherit the gene express it. 半数有这种遗传基因的人，皆显示出
29、其影响。2. receive (property or a title, for example) from an ancestor by legal succession or will 继承；通过合法继承或遗嘱从上一辈人那里接受（例如财产或爵位）e.g. She inherited a little money from her grandfather. 她从祖父处继承了一小笔钱财。Jim will inherit his fathers farm. 吉米将继承他父亲的农场。 2. 10 have/make an impact on (L.55) give or make strong i
30、mpression or effect on sb./sth. 对有巨大的影响或冲击 e.g. His speech made a tremendous impact on everyone. 7他的演说对大家震动很大。The incident had a strong impact on the residents. 那事件给居民强烈的冲击。2. 11 secure (L.58)1. a. 1) (about sth.) not feeling worry, doubt, etc. 无忧虑的; 无疑虑的e.g. feel secure about ones future 对自己的前途无忧无虑
31、2) firmly fixed; not likely to fall or be broken, etc牢固的；稳固的e.g. Is that ladder secure? 那个梯子稳固吗? 2. vt. 1) fix (sth.) firmly; fasten 将（某物）固定住；系住e.g. Secure all the doors and windows before you leave the office. 你离开办公室之前要把所有门窗关好。2) make sth. safe; protect (against/from sth.) 使某事物安全；保护e.g. The new law
32、 will secure the civil rights of the mentally ill. 这一新法则可保障精神病患者享有公民权。 3. Difficult Sentences and Sentence Patterns3.1 Difficult Sentences 3.1.1 A closer look at personalities will show you why they are not so simple, and you will also discover that your personality can be shaped if you make the eff
33、ort. (L.6-8) If you make more careful observation on personalities, you will realize that it is not easy to understand personalities and ones personalities can be changed if one works hard on it. 仔细观察一下人们的性格， 你便会注意到人的个性并不是那么简单， 你也会发现只要付出努力，你就有可能改变你的个性。A closer look at personalities 是一个以名词 look 为中心的名
34、词短语，在句中做主语。 and 连接两个并列复合句，其中宾语从句 why they are not so simple 作show 的宾语；宾语从句 that your personality the effort 作 discover 的宾语；if you make the effort 为条件状语从句。A Knack for translation: 词类转译法词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。在上句中 look是名词，但这是一个含有动作意味的名词，在英译汉中像这种含有动作意味的名词往往转译成动词，这样才能使汉语译文通顺自然。因此, a closer look 就译成了
35、动词短语“仔细观察一下” ，这样译文更准确的表达了原文的含义，同时也通顺流畅、地道可读。除此之外，英译汉中还经常将含有动作意味的介词（如 across, past, toward 等）以及表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词（如 certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, afraid, grateful 等）有时也转译成汉语动词。8词类转译还包括将动词译成名词以及形容词、副词和名词的互相转译。3.1.2 That is why divorce is a harmful social practice that often exerts a negati
36、ve effect on the growth of young children. (L.60-62) That is why divorce is not good and it often has negative influence on the growth of young children. 这也就是为什么婚姻破裂的家庭会对儿童的成长产生负面影响。本句中 exert a (negative) influence on 意为“对 产生(负面) 影响” ；句中why divorce is a harmful social practice 作表语, 而 that often exer
37、ts a negative effect on the growth of young children 是定语从句,修饰和限定 a harmful social practice。3.2 Sentence Patterns3.2.1 prefer rather than(L.25) 宁愿做 而不愿做e.g. I prefer to go to the movies rather than stay home.我宁愿去看电影而不愿意待在家里。prefer doing(L.31) 更喜欢做; 觉得更可取e.g. I would prefer your staying out of the dis
38、pute. 我倒认为你还是不参加辩论的好。3.2.2 have sb. doing (L.32) 使某人做; 允许某人做 e.g. He had us laughing all through lunch. 他让我们在整个午餐中笑个不停。I wont have you running around in the house.我不允许你在屋子里乱跑。3.2.3 be likely to do (L.59) 可能会e.g. He isnt likely to win. 他不可能会赢。It is likely to rain tonight. 今晚可能会下雨。4. Discourse Analysi
39、s 4.1 Main Idea of the TextPeople come with distinctive personalities the combination of different characteristics. A persons personality is composed of three main kinds of elements: emotional, social and intellectual, and can be shaped by two influences: heredity and environment. And adolescents, e
40、specially young university students can make some personality adjustments so as to build themselves a more pleasing personality.Main Idea of Each ParagraphDirections: Text A has twelve paragraphs (1-12). Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list below.A) Intellectual traits o
41、f personality9B) Environment influence on personalityC) Emotional traits of personalityD) What is personalityE) Three elements of personalityF) Two influences on personalityG) A good time for personality adjustment adolescenceH) Personality can be adjustedI) Behavior reveals personalityJ) Social tra
42、its of personalityK) Personalities are not simpleL) Heredity influences personalityKeys: 1-D; 2-K; 3-E; 4-C; 5-J; 6-A; 7-I; 8-F; 9-L; 10-B; 11-H; 12-G4.2 Structure of the TextThe text explores what personality is and what shapes ones personality. The author starts with a brief introduction to person
43、ality , then points out that ones personality cannot be easily described and is composed of three main elements: emotional, social and intellectual, and the development of personality can be influenced by two factors: heredity and environment. Finally the author states that people can change some pe
44、rsonality traits into more pleasing ones and adolescence is the best stage to develop ones personality. The structure of the text can be clearly seen in the following chart.The definition of personality (para.1para.7)The development of personality(para.8 para. 12)A brief introduction to personality
45、(para.1) Two factors influence the development of personality. (para.8)Ones personality cannot be easily described but can be shaped.(para.2)Ones personality is composed of three main elements. (para.3)Emotional: how people handle their emotions (para.4)Social: how people relate to others (para.5)In
46、tellectual: how peoples mind works (para.6)Heredity: the set of characteristics that one inherits from parents and ancestors influences ones personality. (Para.9)Environment: the circumstances, objects, and conditions that surround people also have strong and complicated impact on personality. (para
47、.10)People can change some personality traits into more pleasing ones. (para.11)These personality traits are expressed through behaviors. (para.7)Adolescence is the best stage to develop ones 10personality. (para.12)4.3 Rhetorical Devices in the TextThe author applies the rhetorical device simile（明喻
48、） in the last sentence of the text: “Just as an athlete builds skills, you can build the personality you want to have”. In this sentence the possibility for an athlete to build skills is compared to that for one to shape ones personality. By using simile here, the author implies that ones personality can be built and improved
