1、1大学英语语法及练习第一讲 虚拟语气I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少 2题，有时甚至 3-4 题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。动词形式类型虚拟时间 从句动词 主句动词现在 过去式 would/should/might/could+动词原形过去
2、 had+过去分词 would/should/might/could+have +过去分词if 条件句将来 should/were to/过去式would/should/might/could+动词原形现在 过去式过去 had+过去分词/could have donewish 引导的宾从将来 would/could/might+动词原形as if/though 方式状语从句同 wish 其它动词引导的宾从 (should)+动词原形主语从句 (should)+动词原形表语从句 (should)+动词原形同位语从句 (should)+动词原形if only 同 if 条件句lest, for f
3、ear that, in case should+动词原形现在/将来 过去式would rather/sooner that 过去 had+过去分词It is high/about time that 过去式2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式 was 用 were 代替。例如：If I were invited, I would come.If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.3. if 条件句中如谓语动词是 were, had, should, could 时，可以省略 if, 把它们前置。例如： Had my father
4、a lot of money, he would send me abroad.2Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如 99 年 1 月第 60 题: If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldnt be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I we
5、re you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略 if 条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would
6、 have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence 等表示虚拟条件。例如：Without electricity,
7、there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldnt have got over the difficulties.Had it not been for
8、 the reservoir, wed never have been able to beat the drought. But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it. 8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing 引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用陈述语气。9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand,
9、determine, direct（命令）insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议，动议)等；例如：The United Nations urged that he (should) withdraw his troops. （联合国敦促他撤军。 ）10常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendatio
10、n, suggestion, insistence, proposals, request, requirement 等；例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句)邀请他的建议被否决了。Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表语从句)他们的要求是工资增加 20%。11用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气） ”，例如：It is necessary that you should be p
11、resent at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable （合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合适的）, compulsory（强制的）, crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable （理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的 ), important（重要的）, impossible（不可能的） , impr
12、oper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须履行的 )， preferable（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent （紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）, demanded（要求的）, required（要求的）, suggested（建议的）, desired（希望的）等。II. 历届四级试题中的虚拟语气：1. That tree looked as if it _ for a long time. (93/1/52) A) hasnt watered B) didnt water C) hadnt been wat
13、ered D) wasnt watered 2. Its necessary _ the dictionary immediately. (93/1/68) A) that he will return B) that he returned C) that he return D) that he has to return 3. We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans. (93/6/48) A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed 3
14、4. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice. (93/6/70) A) follow B) had followed C)would follow D) have followed 5.The manager of the hotel requests that their guests_ after 11:00 p.m. (94/1/65) A) not to play loud music B) shouldnt play loud music C) dont play loud music D) c
15、ouldnt play music6._for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (95/1/47) A) Not being for B) Had it not been C) Without being D) Not having been7.To be frank, Id rather you_ in the case. (95/1/61) A) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved 8.It is re
16、commended that the project _until all the preparations have been made. (95/6/44) A) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 9.I wish I _longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95/6/45) A) could have slept B) slept C) not be started D) have
17、 slept 10.Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.(96/1/44) A) has to get B) were to get C) had got D) could have got 11. It is politely requested by the total management that radio _ after 11 oclock at (96
18、/1/28) A) were not played B) not to play C) not be played D) did not play 12. _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96/6/42) A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left 13. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _? (96/6/43) A) we were going ho
19、me B)we go home C) we went home D) we can go home 14. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner (97/1/34) A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive 15. Had he worked harder, he _ the exams. (97/6/42) A) must have got thro
20、ugh B) would have got through C) would get through D) could get through 16. I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience.(97/6/55) A) is assigned B) will be assigned C) be assigned D) has been assigned 17. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. (
21、98/1/38) A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) would injure 18. You dont have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you_on business first. (98/1/59) A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone 19. Id rather you_make any comment on the issue for the time being. (98/6/48) A) dont B) wouldnt C) didnt
22、D) shouldnt 20. We were all for your proposal that the discussion _. (98/6/68) A) be put off B) was put off C) should put off D) is to put off 21. “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99/1/57) A) realize
23、d B) have realized C) realize D) should realize 22. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. (99/1/60) A) wouldnt be smiling B) couldnt have smiled C) wont smile D) didnt smile 23. Frankly speaking, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being. (99/1/66) A) di
24、dnt do B) havent done C) dont do D) have done 24. If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (99/6/43) 4A) was not planned B) has not been C) were not planned D) had not been planned 25. As Commander-in-Chief on the armed forces, I have directed that al
25、l measures _for our defense. (99/6/62) A) be taken B) would be taken C) to be taken D) had been taken 26. Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early? (00/1/49) A) went B) goes C) go D) would go 27. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. (00/1/52) A) that he not stay B) staying not C) that he would n
26、ot stay D) not to stay 28. Sometimes I wish I_ in a different time and a different place. (00/1/58) A) were living B) would live C) would have lived D) be living 29. It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible. (00/1/64) A) must be sent B) will be sent C) be sent D) are
27、sent 30. The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00/6/32) A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present 31. The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office. (00/6/48) A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work 32. It is im
28、portant that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly. (01/1/41)A) make sure B) has made sure C) made sure D) must make sure 33.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished. (01/6/53 ) A) had lost B) woul
29、d lose C) would have lost D) should have lost 34. Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university. (01/6/50)A) had studied B) study C) studied D) had been studying 35. The article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a
30、 well-balanced diet. (02/1/57) A) be B) was C) is D) were 36. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _ to investigate the incident. (02/1/58) A) was set up B) were set up C) set up D) be set up 37. Things might have been much worse if the mother _ on right to keep the
31、baby. （02/1/59） A) had insisted B) has been insisting C) insisted D) would insist III. 答案及详解:1. C) 题意：那棵树看上去好象很久没浇水了。解析：as if 引导的方式状语从句，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时, 故选 C。2. C) 题意：他立刻归还字典是很有必要的。解析：“it is/was + 形容词+主语从句”中的虚拟语气的动词形式用省略 should 的动词形式, 故选C。3. A) 题意：我们希望旅游团的领队能立刻通知计划的一些改变。解析：desire 引导的宾语从句中动词应用虚拟形式 sh
32、ould +动词原形或省略 should，故选 A。4. B) 题意：瞧瞧我这糟糕的处境！要是我听从你的建议就好了。解析：if only 引导的句子如果与过去事实相反，动词就用过去完成时，即 had + 过去分词，故选B。5. B) 题意：酒店老板要求客人晚上 11 点之后不得播放嘈闹的音乐。解析：request 引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气用 should +动词原形，should 可以省略，故选 B。6. B) 题意：要不是我病了的话，我会帮他一把的。解析：“had not been for +宾语”表示假设条件，相当于“if it had not been for”，意思是“要不5是，如果不
33、是” ，故选 B。7. D) 题意：说实话，我宁愿你不要卷入这起案件中。解析：would rather +that 从句的虚拟语气用过去式，故选 D。8. C) 题意：据建议这项工程在所有的准备工作就绪之前不应动工。解析：“it is + 过去分词+ that 从句”的虚拟语气形式用 should+动词原形或省略 should 的动词原型，故选 C。9. A) 题意：我原希望我今早上能多睡会，但我不得不起床来上课。解析：由“but I had to ”可知 wish 后的宾语从句是对过去的假设，故选 A。10. B) 题意：简不想现在就工作，因为她认为如果有了一份工作，她就不能常常与朋友们相见
34、。解析：if 引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用 should 或者 were to + 动词原形的形式，故选 B。11. C) 题意：所有管理人员很有礼貌地请求晚上 11 点之后不要再播放收音机了。解析：“it is + 过去分词+ that 从句”的虚拟语气形式用 should+动词原形或省略 should 的动词原型，故选 C。12. C) 题意：要使她能立刻动身，她会在星期日到达那儿的。解析：if 引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用 should 或者 were to + 动词原形的形式，故选 C。13. C) 题意：现在已经 5 点了，难道你不认为我们该回家了吗？解析：i
35、t is (about) time + that 从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选 C。14. D) 题意：要使他们能在后天我们出发之前赶到，我们会举行一场盛大的晚会。解析：if 引导的虚拟条件句中如果动词是 had, should 或 were 的话，可以省略 if，把这些动词前置；又由 the day after tomorrow（后天）可以判断假设的是将来情况，因此选项 D 是正确答案。15. B) 题意：如果他学习努力一些的话，他会通过考试的。解析：if 引导的条件句的虚拟语气表示与过去情况相反时，从句用 had + 过去分词的形式，主句用would +have +过去分词的形式，所以
36、B 是正确答案。16. C) 题意：我认为分配蒂姆做这份工作是不合理的，因为他没有经验。解析：含有 advisable 作宾补的宾语从句也须用虚拟语气，形式同它作表语的虚拟语气，因此，省略了 should 的选项 C 是答案。17. A) 题意：这名疯男子被关进铺了软垫的囚室，以免他伤害自己。解析：lest 引导的状语从句的虚拟语气用 should +动词原形， should 可以省略。18. C) 题意：你无须这么匆忙。我宁愿你先出差去。解析：would rather 后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选 C.19. C) 题意：我宁愿你暂时对此问题不做任何评价。解析：would rather 后的虚
37、拟语气用过去式，故选 C。20. A) 题意：我们都赞成你的提议，即推迟讨论。解析：proposal 引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用 should + 动词原形或者省略 should,该句应用被动语态，故选 A。21. A) 题意：“ 你非常自私。到了你该意识到你并不是世界上最重要的人物。 ”埃德加气愤地对老板说。解析：it is high time + that 从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选 A。22. A) 题意：如果你掉落时我没有站在梯子下接住你，那你现在就不会在这儿微笑了。解析：本句是错综时间的虚拟句，从句虚拟的是过去的情况，用过去完成时，主句虚拟的现在的情况，用过去将来时，又由于 n
38、ow 这个表示进行时的时间副词，所以选项 A) wouldnt be smiling 是正确答案。23. A) 题意：坦白地讲，我宁愿你暂时对此什么也没做。解析：would rather 后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选 A。24. D) 题意：如果整个操作没有提前计划的，那大量的时间和财力就会被浪费掉。6解析：if 引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用过去完成时(had + 过去分词) ，主句用过去将来完成时（would + have + 过去分词） ，故选项 D 是正确答案。25. A) 题意：做为武装部队的总司令，我已经命令采取一切措施有利于我们的措施。解析：direct 后的宾语从句的虚拟语气
39、用 should +动词原形，should 可以省略，故选 A) be taken。26. A) 题意：难道你不原意你的孩子早点上床睡觉？解析：would rather 后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选 A。27. A) 题意：迈克的叔叔坚持让他呆在这家旅店。解析：insist 后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用 should +动词原形，should 可以省略，故选 A) that he not stay。28. A) 题意：有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时代和不同的地方。解析：wish 引导一个与现在情况相反的宾语从句时，动词用过去时，并且用 were 代替 was，所以A) were living 是
40、正确答案。29. C) 题意：这些申请表尽可能早地送回来是很必要的。解析：“it is essential + that 从句 ”的虚拟语气用 should +动词原形，should 可以省略。所以选项C 是正确答案。30. B) 题意：由市长颁发奖品的建议得到了所有人的认可。解析：suggestion 引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用 should + 动词原形或者省略 should,故选 B。31. D) 题意：经理宁愿其女儿不在同一个办公室工作。解析：would rather 后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选 D。32. A) 题意：酒店招待确保客人登记无误是很重要的。解析：“it is impo
41、rtant + that 从句 ”的虚拟语气用 should +动词原形，should 可以省略。所以选项A 是正确答案。33. C) 题意：如果涉及到的上百万的计算用人工完成，那么等算完时早已失去其实用价值。解析：if 引导的虚拟从句与过去事实相反，从句用“had +过去分词”形式，if 省略，had 提前，并以插入语的方式置于句中，主句用“would + have +过去分词 ”形式，所以选项 C 为正确答案。34. A) 题意：杰克常希望他上大学时学的是商业而不是历史。解析：wish 引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气如表示对过去情况的假设，动词形式用过去完成式（had +过去分词）或 could
42、 + have +过去分词的形式，所以选项 A)had studied 是正确答案。35. C) 题意：这篇文章建议，当一个人处于不寻常的压力下时，他应该尤其注意自己的饮食平衡。解析：suggest 引出的宾语从句的虚拟语气用 should +动词原形或省略 should 的形式，但本句的考查点却不是宾语从句的主句（he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet）,而是宾语从句中一个由 when 引导的时间状语从句，不需用虚拟语气，因此选项 C) is 是正确答案。36. D) 题意：许多代表都赞成他的提议即设立一个专门
43、委员会来调查此事故。解析：proposal 引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用 should + 动词原形或者省略 should,该句是被动语态，故选 D。37. A) 题意：如果那位母亲坚持不放弃抚养婴儿的权利，那事情可能还要糟糕的多。解析：if 引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用 had + 过去分词的形式，主句用 would/could+ have + 过去分词，故选项 A 是正确答案。第二讲 非谓语动词I考点分析非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：He se
44、emed to have waited there for a long time. (不定式的完成时态)He seemed to be waiting for someone. (不定式的正在进行时)He seemed to have not known the place very well. (不定式的完成时态的否定形式)7He seemed to have been told about it. (不定式的被动语态)一、非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。1. 现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语。例如：The film is exciting. (表语)The exciting film at
45、tracted the children very much. (定语)Having finishing the homework, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)The problem being discussed is what they are concerned with. (定语)2. 过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语。只是表示的意义有所不同。例如：Children are excited at the film. (表语)The excited children sang and danced to the midnight. (定语)Excited at the news, children went to the playground to play basket
