1、unit 8Part 1 Reading comprehension Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer to each question.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the same pass
2、age or dialog.Manners evolved differently in different cultures. In earlier times there was a tendency for manners to become increasingly formal, and this was often viewed as progress. In the 18th and 19th centuries having good manners was seen as an important part of ones education and social class
3、, and it was necessary to be taken as a lady or a gentleman to get ahead in the world. In the 20th and 21st centuries, manners have gradually become more relaxed and informal. The hosting of dinners and other social gatherings are no longer the exclusive privilege of the wealthy elite (精英), and priv
4、ate clubs are being gradually replaced by more open meeting places. So the manners of the salon (沙龙) are gradually combining with the manners of the pub. Clothing is a good indication of the changes in manners, as can be seen in the following examples. It is surprising that the wearing of hats indoo
5、rs by males is once again becoming acceptable. Students in North America often wear baseball caps to class. In many countries the wearing of hats indoors by males was once acceptable even in very polite society, but over the years this became considered as a lower-class behavior and was thus discour
6、aged in both the middle and upper classes. The young people who wear hats indoors do not realize they are actually restarting a very old cultural tradition. A comparable development for females is the wearing of jeans. Many females now wear jeans on a daily basis, either at home or at work. Some see
7、 this as a symbolic declaration that they are now modern women, not girls or ladies. Some girls, like boys, wear baseball caps both indoors and outdoors. Sneakers and shorts are now acceptable for either males or females in a variety of non-athletic situations. Some companies have rules requiring in
8、formal dress such as jeans or sneakers on Fridays (called “dress-down Friday“ or “casual Friday“), and others permit it almost all the time. In these companies, and many others, it is acceptable to call the bosses by their first names.1. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Changes of manners
9、over time.B. Formal manners in the earlier times.C. Different manners in different cultures.D. Development of manners in different classes.2. In the 20th and 21st centuries, _.A. manners are not as formal as in the pastB. manners in a pub are getting more and more formalC. proper clothing is a good
10、indication of good mannersD. rich people no longer behave formally in social gatherings3. According to the passage, “the manners of the salon“ in paragraph 2 most likely refers to _.A. Formal manners of drinking.B. Informal manners of drinking.C. Formal manners at social gatherings.D. Informal manne
11、rs at social gatherings.4. According to the passage, nowadays wearing a hat indoors can actually be viewed as _.A. a revolutionB. social progressC. a worsening situationD. a return to the old tradition5. According to the author, today wearing hats indoors, and wearing jeans at work mainly indicate t
12、hat _.A. women are no longer inferior to menB. people no longer pay attention to dressing detailsC. people are getting more relaxed in terms of mannersD. some companies have lower requirements for their employeesQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the same passage or dialog.Between the 1950s and the earl
13、y 1980s, the evolving role of Japanese women had been most obvious in their attitudes toward marriage and the family system. There had been a trend away from arranged marriages. Many young women admitted that they took paid employment mostly in order to find a husband on their own. In spite of this
14、and other influences a 1982 figure showed that almost 40 percent of marriages were still arranged. This figure was, however, half the size of a 1955 survey which showed that almost 81 percent of marriages were arranged. Once married, many women in the early 1980s continued to work, and increasingly
15、they returned to work after childbirth, something which was hard to imagine a generation before. A womans role in the family was evolving as well, becoming more and more dominant. Women had sought more personal satisfaction from their lives since 1950s. In the beginning of the1980s, during their liv
16、es before marriage women made up an almost free-wheeling (随心所欲) part of Japanese society. A survey of new brides reported that only 12 percent expected their marriage to be happy. At that time, Japanese still regarded marriage not as the peak of a romance but as a duty that was primarily social and
17、practical in significance. As a result, Japanese women took full advantage of their years before marriage. Most women remained at home while working, living with their family in a sort of extended dependency. Japanese women, however, must be careful to maintain themselves within acceptable social st
18、andards, one woman being told, “If you act like that, you will not be wanted as a bride.“ Once married a Japanese women found herself in a role opposite of the perceived sex roles in Japan the female was dominant in the house. The relationship between the partners of a Japanese marriage clearly show
19、ed the evolving role of women. It must be remembered that a short one hundred years ago the attitude toward women was that “In everything she must obey her husband“. By the early 1980s the role of women had changed: A Japanese woman had almost unquestioned power within the family system of todays Ja
20、pan.6. What is the passage mainly about?A. Changes in the role of Japanese women.B. Changes in the styles of Japanese marriages.C. Japanese womens struggle for independence.D. Japanese womens increased power in their families.7. What did the author say about Japanese women before the 1950s?A. Many w
21、omen continued to work after marriage.B. A majority of women had their marriages arranged.C. Only less than half of women had arranged marriages.D. Many women went to work in order to find a husband.8. What was marriage in many Japanese peoples eyes in the early 1980s?A. It was the end of their roma
22、nce.B. It was the beginning of a happy life.C. It was a social responsibility one has to fulfill.D. It was the highest point of their romantic relationship.9. Which of the following was the main cause for most Japanese women in the early 1980s to take full advantage of their years before marriage?A.
23、 They believed they would no longer have a happy life after marriage.B. They knew they could not be as dominant as before after getting married.C. They should not go beyond acceptable social standards after marriage.D. They would no longer have time to work after marriage.10. “The perceived sex role
24、s“ in the last paragraph most probably refers to the fact that the wife_.A. had to obey the husband in the familyB. had to support the husband and his familyC. could make decisions on everything in the familyD. could question some of the husbands decisionsQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the same pas
25、sage or dialog.Leadership is the ability of a person to guide people in a group toward achieving a task at hand. I believe that leaders are made; they are not born and a person can always be a good leader if he makes full use of the following list of leadership strengths. Firstly, task execution (实施
26、) is one of the most important leadership strengths. Coming up with a brilliant idea and executing that idea are two completely different things. Bringing an idea to life is a lot easier said than done. An idea really comes to life only when it is executed to perfection. For this, you need to be a t
27、eam player. There is a fine line between having followers that follow you out of respect and having followers that follow you because they have no choice. Any kind of disagreement in the team will affect the end result and the efficiency of performing the task. Secondly, before you go on to put any
28、kind of strategy into place, you need to understand and envision what you wish to achieve. This is important because the expectations of the entire group will ride on your shoulders. Thus, one of the important leadership strengths is to have a very clear vision about how to go about a task at hand,
29、keeping the long-term and short-term goals and consequences in mind. You need to be practical yet optimistic about the possibilities involved in any task and must take into consideration all the risks involved. Thirdly, being the leader does not mean that you own the people you work with. Many peopl
30、e tend to get carried away and do not listen to their team members. This can go against them as the team members then tend to lose respect for their leader. You need to genuinely listen to your team members because they are the only ones that will tell you if you go wrong at any point of time. Furth
31、ermore, listening will make sure that you connect with your team members on a personal level, which will improve the performance of your team greatly.11. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as one of the leadership strengths?A. Lending an ear to team members.B. Performing a task i
32、n a perfect way.C. Accepting mistakes with good grace.D. Planning for the future with a clear goal.12. According to Paragraph 2, a good leader should _.A. lead his followers with absolute authorityB. make his followers follow him out of respectC. be able to find out who is a true follower in the tea
33、mD. focus on creating new ideas instead of executing them13. What does “envision“ most probably mean in Paragraph 3?A. To remain optimistic about future results.B. To focus all his attention on long-term goals.C. To meet the expectations of the entire team members.D. To forecast the possible achieve
34、ments and consequences.14. Which of the following should be avoided as a good leader?A. Holding a realistic attitude.B. Considering short-term goals.C. Thinking about the bad results of a plan.D. Ignoring disagreement from his team members.15. What is the authors attitude about becoming a good leader?A. You can be a good leader if you have talents.B. You can be a good leader if you have a good team.C. You can be a good leader if you acquire the essential skills.D. You can be a good leader as long as you are determined to be one.
