1、1. Although 90 percent of the population believes itself to be well inFORMed about health care, only 20 percent knows enough about DNA. So apparently at least 80 percent of the population does not know enough about medical concepts to make well-inFORMed personal medical choices or to make good publi
2、c policy decisions about health care. The arguments reasoning is questionable because the argument fails to demonstrate that(A) those people who can understand news stories about DNA are able to make well-inFORMed personal medical choices(B) more than 20 percent of the population needs to be well in
3、FORMed about health care for good public policy decisions about health care to be made(C) ones being able to make well-inFORMed personal medical choices ensures that one makes good public policy decisions about health care(D) an understanding of DNA is essential to making well-inFORMed personal medi
4、cal choices or to making good public policy decisions about health care(E) since 90 percent of the population believes itself to be well inFORMed about health care, at least 70 percent of the population is mistaken in that belief.2. During the 1980s, Japanese collectors were very active in the marke
5、t for European art, especially as purchasers of nineteenth-century Impressionist paintings. This striking pattern surely reflects a specific preference on the part of many Japanese collectors for certain aesthetic attributes they found in nineteenth-century Impressionist paintings.Which one of the f
6、ollowing, if true, most strongly supports the explanation above?(A) Impressionist paintings first became popular among art collectors in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century.(B) During the 1980s, the Japanese economy underwent a sustained expansion that was unprecedented in the countrys
7、recent history.(C) Several nineteenth-century Impressionist painters adopted certain techniques and visual effects found in Japanese prints that are highly estee11. The average cable television company offers its customers 50 channels, but new fiber-optic lines will enable telephone companies to pro
8、vide 100 to 150 television channels to their customers for the same price as cable companies charge for 50. Therefore, cable companies will be displaced by the new companies within a few years.Which of the following, if true, most helps to strengthen the argument?(A) The initial cost per household o
9、f installing new fiber-optic television service will exceed the current cost of installing cable television service.(B) The most popular movies and programs on channels carried by cable companies will also be offered on channels carried by the fiber-optic lines owned by the telephone companies.(C) C
10、able television companies will respond to competition from the telephone companies by increasing the number of channels they offer.(D) Some telephone companies own cable companies in areas other than those in which they provide telephone services.(E) The new fiber-optic services offered by telephone
11、 companies will be subject to more stringent governmental programming regulations than those to which cable companies are now subject.12. The only physical factor preventing a human journey to Mars has been weight. Carrying enough fuel to propel a conventional spacecraft to Mars and back would make
12、even the lightest craft too heavy to be launched from Earth. A device has recently been invented, however, that allows an otherwise conventional spacecraft to refill the crafts fuel tanks with fuel manufactured from the Martian atmosphere for the return trip. Therefore, it is possible for people to
13、go to Mars in a spacecraft that carries this device and then return.Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?(A) The amount of fuel needed for a spacecraft to return from Mars is the same as the amount of fuel needed to travel from Earth to Mars.(B) The fuel manufact
14、ured from the Martian atmosphere would not differ in composition from the fuel used to travel to Mars.(C) The device for manufacturing fuel from the Martian atmosphere would not take up any of the spaceship crews living space.(D) A conventional spacecraft equipped with the device would not be apprec
15、iably more expensive to construct than current spacecraft typically are.(E) The device for manufacturing fuel for the return to Earth weighs less than the tanks of fuel that a conventional spacecraft would otherwise need to carry from Earth for the return trip.13. In 1712 the government of Country Y
16、 appointed a censor to prohibit the publication of any book critical of Country Ys government; all new books legally published in the country after 1712 were approved by a censor. Under the first censor, one half of the book manus submitted to the censor were not approved for publication. Under the
17、next censor, only one quarter of the book manus submitted were not approved, but the number of book manus that were approved was the same under both censors. If the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following can be properly concluded from them?(A) More books critical of Country Y
18、s governments were published before the appointment of the first censor than after it.(B) The first censor and the second censor prohibited the publication of the same number of book manus.(C) More book manus were submitted for approval to the first censor than to the second.(D) The second censor al
19、lowed some book manus to the published that the first censor would have considered critical of Country Ys government.(E) The number of writers who wrote unpublished manus was greater under the first censor than under the second.14. If the government increases its funding for civilian scientific rese
20、arch, private patrons and industries will believe that such research has become primarily the governments responsibility. When they believe that research is no longer primarily their responsibility, private patrons and industries will decrease their contributions toward research. Therefore, in order
21、 to keep from depressing the overall level of funding for civilian scientific research, the government should not increase its own funding.Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?(A) Governments should bear the majority of the financial burden of funding for civilian
22、 scientific research.(B) Any increase in government funding would displace more private funding for civilian scientific research than it would provide.(C) Private donations toward research are no longer welcomed by researchers whose work receives government funding.(D) Civilian scientific research c
23、annot be conducted efficiently with more than one source of funding.(E) funding for civilian scientific research is currently at the highest possible level.15. Dental researcher: Filling a cavity in a tooth is not a harmless procedure: it inevitably damages some of the healthy parts of the tooth. Ca
24、vities are harmful only if the decay reaches the nerves inside the tooth, and many cavities, if left untreated, never progress to that point. Therefore, dentists should not fill a cavity unless the nerves inside the tooth are in imminent danger from that cavity.Which one of the following principles,
25、 if valid, most strongly supports the researchers reasoning?(A) Dentists should perFORM any procedure that is likely to be beneficial in the long term, but only if the procedure does not cause immediate damage.(B) Dentists should help their patients to prevent cavities rather than waiting until cavi
26、ties are present to begin treatment.(C) A condition that is only potentially harmful should not be treated using a method that is definitely harmful.(D) A condition that is typically progressive should not be treated using methods that provide only temporary relief.(E) A condition that is potentiall
27、y harmful should not be left untreated unless it can be kept under constant surveillance.16. The axis of Earths daily rotation is tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit at an angle of roughly 23 degrees. That angle can be kept fairly stable only by the gravitational influence of Earths large,
28、 nearby Moon. Without such a stable and moderate axis tilt, a planets climate is too extreme and unstable to support life. Mars, for example, has only very small moons, tilts at wildly fluctuating angles, and cannot support life.If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also
29、be true on the basis of them?(A) If Mars had a sufficiently large nearby moon, Mars would be able to support life.(B) If Earths Moon were to leave Earths orbit, Earths climate would be unable to support life.(C) Any planet with a stable, moderate axis tilt can support life.(D) Gravitational influenc
30、es other than moons have little or no effect on the magnitude of the tilt angle of either Earths or Marss axis.(E) No planet that has more than one moon can support life17. Psychologist: Some astrologers claim that our horoscopes completely determine our personalities, but this claim is false, I con
31、cede that identical twinswho are, of course, born at practically the same timeoften do have similar personalities. However, birth records were examined to find two individuals who were born 40 years ago on the same day and at exactly the same timeone in a hospital in Toronto and one in a hospital in
32、 New York. Personalities of these two individuals are in fact different.Which one of the following is an assumption on which the psychologists argument depends?(A) Astrologers have not subjected their claims to rigorous experimentation.(B) The personality differences between the two individuals cann
33、ot be explained by the cultural difference between Toronto and New York.(C) The geographical difference between Toronto and New York did not result in the two individuals having different horoscopes.(D) Complete birth records for the past 40 years were kept at both hospitals.(E) Identical twins have
34、 identical genetic structures and usually have similar home environments.18. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of todays commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During lan
35、ding, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put
36、at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.Which one of the following, if true, LEAST strengthens the argument above?(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the plane regained course and its navigation instruments and dials r
37、eturned to normal.(B) When in use all electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation, which is known to interfere with circuitry.(C) No problems with navigational equipment or instrument dials have been reported on flights with no passenger-owned electronic devices on board.(D) Significant electr
38、omagnetic radiation from portable electronic devices can travel up to eight meters, and some passenger seats on modern aircraft are located within four meters of the navigation systems.(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became p
39、opular.Jane: Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should b
40、e prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences.Maurice: But you are recommending nothing short of censorship! Besides which, your claim that television and movie depictions of violence cause violence is mistaken: violence among youn
41、g people predates movies and television by centuries.19. Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens Janes argument?(A) The most violent characters depicted in movies and on television programs are adult characters who are portrayed by adult actors.(B) The movies that have been shown to ha
42、ve the most influence on young peoples behavior are those that are promoted to young audiences.(C) The people who make the most profits in the movie and television industry are those who can successfully promote their work to both young and old audiences.(D) Many adolescents who engage in violent be
43、havior had already displayed such behavior before they were exposed violence in movies.(E) Among the producers who make both movies and television programs, many voluntarily restrict the subject matter of films directed toward young audiences.20. A rise in the percentage of all 18-year-olds who were
44、 recruited by the armed services of a small republic between 1980 and 1986 correlates with a rise in the percentage of young people who dropped out of high school in that republic. Since 18-year-olds in the republic are generally either high school graduates or high school dropouts, the correlation
45、leads to the conclusion that the republics recruitment rates for 18-year-olds depend substantially on recruitment rates for high school dropouts.Which one of the following statements, if true, most weakens the argument?(A) A large number of 18-year-old high school graduates were recruited for the re
46、publics armed services in 1986 than in 1980.(B) Many of the high-technology systems used by the republics armed services can be operated only by individuals who have completed a high school education.(C) Between 1980 and 1986 the percentage of high school graduates among 18-year-olds recruited in th
47、e republic rose sharply.(D) Personnel of the republics armed services are strongly encouraged to finish their high school education.(E) The proportion of recruits who had completed at least two years of college education was greater in 1986 than in 1980.21. Historian: We can learn about the medical history of individuals through chemical analysis of their hair. It is likely, for example, that Isaac Newtons psychological problems were due to mercury poisoning; traces of mercury wer
