1、小学生必须掌握的英语基础知识第一部分:基础知识1.字母:26 个字母的大小写ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz2.语音:元音的发音五个元音字母:AEIOU12 个单元音: 前元音:i: /e/ 中元音:: 后元音:: : u : 双元音(8 个).合口双元音(5 个)ai ei au u i.集中双元音(3 个) iu3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词4.句子:大小写,标点符号第二部分:语法知识一.名词:名词单复数,名词的格(一)名词单复数1.一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats,
2、bed-beds2.以 s. x. sh. ch 结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3.以“辅音字母+y” 结尾,变 y 为 i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries4.以“f 或 fe”结尾,变 f 或 fe 为 v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives5.不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-micechild-c
3、hildren, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese不可数名词的复数就是原型: paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea(二)名词的格(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格:a) 单数后加 s 如: Lucys ruler my fathers shirtb) 以 s 结尾的复数名词后加 如: his friends bagsc) 不以 s 结尾的复数后加 s childrens shoesl 并列名词中,如果把 s 加在最后一个名词后
4、,表示共有 , 如:Tom and Mikes car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车l 要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加sToms and Mikes cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词” 来表示所有关系:如:a picture of the classroom a map of China二.冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:(1)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle元音开头的可数名词前用 an :an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID ca
5、rd / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /(2)定冠词:the the egg the plane2. 用法:定冠词的用法:(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk.(2)复述上文提到的人或物:H
6、e has a sweater. The sweater is new.(3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys arent at school.(4)在序数词前: Johns birthday is February the second.(5)用于固定词组中: in the morning / afternoon / evening不用冠词的情况:(1)专有名词前:China is a big country.(2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:This is my baseball.(3)复数名词表示一类人和事:
7、Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers.(4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. Its Sunday.(5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.(6)球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.(7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr
8、Li.(9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus三、代词、形容词、副词代词:人称代词,物主代词人称代词物主代词主格宾格第一人称单数 I(我)me my(我的)复数 we(我们)us our(我们的)第二人称单数 you(你)you your(你的)复数 you(你们)you your(你们的)第三人称单数 he(他)him his(他的)she(她 )her her(她的)it(它 )it its(它的)复数 they(他们 /她们/它们 )them their(他们的/她们的/它们的)形容词,副词:比较级,最高级(一)、形容词的比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个
9、事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词 than。比较级前面可以用 more, a little 来修饰表示程度。than 后的人称代词用主格( 口语中可用宾格)。2.形容词加 er 的规则: 一般在词尾加 er ; 以字母 e 结尾,加 r ; 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加 er ; 以“辅音字母 +y”结尾,先把 y 变 i,再加 er 。3.不规则形容词比较级:good-better, beautiful-more beautiful(二)副词的比较级1.形容词与副词的区别(有 be 用形,有形用 be;有动用副,有副用动)在句子中形容词一般处于名
10、词之前或 be 动词之后副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)四、数词:基数词、序数词(1)1-20one,two,three,four , five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen ,fourteen,fifteen , sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty(2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几” ,中间加连字符。23twenty-three,34thirty-four,
11、45forty five,56fifty-six,67sixty-seven ,78seventy-eight ,89eighty-nine,91ninety-one(3)101999 先说 “几百”,再加 and,再加末两位数或末位数;586five hundred and eighty-six,803eight hundred and three(4)l,000 以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个 “,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个 “,” 前为 million,第三个“,”前为 billion1,001one thousand and one18,423eighteen t
12、housand,four hundred and twenty-three6,260 ,309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750,000,000,000seven hundred and fifty billion序数词(1)一般在基数词后加 theg.fourfourth,thirteenthirteenth(2)不规则变化onefirst,twosecond ,threethird,fivefifth,eighteighth ,nineninth,twelve twelfth(3)以 y
13、结尾的十位整数,变 y 为 ie 再加 thtwentytwentieth, fortyfortieth, ninetyninetieth(4)从二十一后的“ 几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“ 几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first, two hundred and forty-fifth基数词转为序数词的口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母 t,d,d.八去 t,九去 e, ve 要用 f 替。ty 将 y 变成 i,th 前面有个 e.若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。第二部分:语法知识五、介词:常用介词:in, on, at, be
14、hind 等1.at 表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。at 1:00(dawn ,midnight,noon) 在一点钟( 黎明、午夜、中午)2.on1)表示具体日期。注:(1)关于“在周末“ 的几种表示法:at(on)the weekend在周末-特指at(on)weekends在周末-泛指over the weekend在整个周末during the weekend在周末期间 (2)在圣诞节,应说 at Christmas?而不说 on Christmas?2)在(刚)的时候。On reaching the city he called up his parents.一
15、到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。3.in1)表示“时段“、“时期“,在多数情况下可以和 during 互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。 in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)六、动词:动词的四种时态:(1)一般现在时:一般现在时的构成1. be 动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如: I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它) 。 如: We study English. 我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加 “-s“或“-es
16、“。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。动词+s 的变化规则1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks2.以 s. x. sh. ch. o 结尾,加-es ,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes3.以“辅音字母+y” 结尾,变 y 为 i, 再加-es,如:study-studies(2)一般过去时:动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:A、规则动词 一般直接在动词的后面加 ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited 以 e 结
17、尾的动词直接加 d:如 lived , danced , used 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词要改 y 为 i 再加 ed(此类动词较少)如 study studied carry carried worry worried (注意 play、stay 不是辅音字母加 y,所以不属于此类) 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stoppedB、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing sang , eat ate ,see saw , have had , do did , go went , take took , buy bought , get
18、 got , read read ,fly flew , am/is was ,are were , say said , leave left , swim swam , tell told , draw drew , come came , lose lost , find found , drink drank , hurt hurt , feel felt(3)一般将来时:基本结构:be going to + do;will+ do. be going to = willI am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimmi
19、ng tomorrow.(4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词动词现在分词详解 动词的 ing 形式的构成规则: 一般的直接在后面加上 ing , 如 doing , going , working , singing , eating 以 e 结尾的动词,要先去 e 再加 ing ,如 having , writing 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting第三部分:句法1.陈述句(1)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如:Im a student. She is a doctor. He work
20、s in a hospital.There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.(2)、否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如:Im not a student. She is not (isnt) a doctor.He does not (doesnt) work in a hospital. There are not (arent) four fans in our classroom.He will not (wont) eat lu
21、nch at 12:00. I did not (didnt) watch TV yesterday evening.2. 疑问句一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用“yes”,或“no”来回答。特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how 等 )开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”来回答。3.There be 句型There be 句型与 have, has 的区别1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)2、在 there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用 is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用 are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近 be 动词的那个名词决定。3、there be 句型的否定句在 be 动词后加 not , 一般疑问句把 be 动词调到句首。4、there be 句型与 have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。5、some 和 any 在 there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。