1、2. Conduction（导热）The best heat-insulating solids own their insulating properties to the air or to other gases contained in cells within the material.（最好的隔热材料在空气和材料细胞中拥有自己的绝热性能。 ） These cells cause the heat to flow through the solid material through a long tortuous passage. （这些细胞使热量需要通过一个漫长曲折的通道才能流过这
2、个坚实的固体。 ） In addition, the available cross-sectional area of the solid material is much less than the projected area. （另外，见识的固体材料可用的横截面面积比投影面你少得多。 ） Experimental evidence shows that many small unicellular pockets of gas are much more effective than a series of connected cells having the same total v
3、olume in giving insulating value to a substance. （试验表明，一个物体在给定的总量上具有相同的绝热值上，许多小口袋气体单细胞比的一系列连通细胞更加有效）There may be considerable variation in the thermal conductivity of any given insulating material because the conductivity depends on its density, the size and number of its air cells, and its absorbed
4、 moisture.（在任何给定的绝热材料的导热系数方面有很大的差异，这是因为导热系数取决于它的密度，空气细胞的大小和数量，和它吸收的水蒸气。 ）6. Fundamentals of industrial Ventilation（工业通风的基础）In essence this boils down to heat transfer and mass transfer between the incoming air and air the already within the building.（从本质上讲，这归结于进入的空气和已经在建筑物内的空气的传热和传质。 ） If owing to e
5、xcessive internal heat production the temperature of the air in the building tends to exceed the specified norms, cooler air is introduced and mixed with the indoor air; the temperature of the air (owning to heat transfer) then remains at the norm. （这是由于建筑物内部产热过多导致空气的温度往往超过规定的指标，引入冷的空气引入与室内空气混合（由于传热
6、） ，使空气温度保持不变。 ）If harmful gases or vapours are released, their concentration is heldwithin specified limits by dilution with the clean incoming air.（如果有害挥发性气体被释放掉，它的浓度将会被在一定范围内通过引入室外清洁空气来稀释。 ）7. Natural Ventilation Fields of Application （自然通风的应用领域）The time has long passed when it was necessary to de
7、monstrate the benefits of natural ventilation and justify its application. The proofs were simple and very convincing.（时间已经过去很久了当它有必要去表明自然通风的好处和证明它的可用性。 ） They were based on comparisons of mechanical ventilation and natural ventilation. （这是基于自然通风和机械通风的比较。 ） In hot shops where all the emphasis was la
8、id on mechanical ventilation, and natural air change, being regarded as unimportant, was not taken into account at all.（在热的车间里，所有的重点是机械通风，自然通风被认为是无足轻重的，没有被重视到的。 ） It was found in all the tests that the volume of natural air change many times exceeded the volume of mechanical ventilation. （很多测试表明，自然通
9、风的换气量几倍于机械通风的换气量。） This revealed the negligible role of general mechanical ventilation despite its heavy installation and running costs. （这表明，全面的机械通风是不会估计到它的很大的装备和运行花费。 ）Mechanical ventilation in these cases was best used as a corrective to natural ventilation, in the form of air curtains and local
10、air supply or extraction.（在这些情况下，机械通风最好是自然通风的一个补救措施，以空气幕的形式和当地空气的供应和提取。）9. Comfort and Discomfort（舒适与不舒适）A particular example is the range effect.（一个特别的例子这个范围的影响。 ） When an observer experiences a range of stimuli and is asked to rate them on category scale, he tends to rate them by putting the stimu
11、li from the middle of the range into the central categories of the rating scale.（当一个测试员经历了一定范围的刺激并且要求把他们分为不同类别范围的等级，他倾向于从评定列表范围的中间到中央类别投入的刺激来分类。 ） This has been clearly demonstrated in experiments on the acceptability of noise. （这已经清楚的表明对噪音的可接受性的实验。 ）Subjects exposed to a range of sound levels tend
12、to place the boundary between acceptable and unacceptable noise at the centre of the range of noise which they have been exposed. （受验者暴露在声音等级的范围，往往已经规定了在噪音范围的中央的可接受与不可接受噪音的边界。 ） Thus people who have only been exposed to low noise levels. （因此， 人们只暴露在低噪声等级的水平范围内。 ） The range effects do not apply only
13、to the range of stimuli provided by the experimenter.（范围内的影响并不只适用于实验者提供的刺激范围。 ） People carry their own standards with them, based on their general experience, with which they compare a new stimulus. （根据一般的经验，人们具有自己的评价标准来比较新的刺激。 ） Thus, the meaning of the words comfortable or uncomfortable will not h
14、ave an absolute value, but will be relative to his experience and expectation. （因此，舒服或不舒服的含义，没有一个绝对的值，而是相对于他们的经验和期望。 ） When Gagge et al. (1976) put young men in an environmental chamber at 48 , the subjects reated the environment as slightly uncomfortable.（当 Gagge et al.将青年男子放于 48 的环境实验室中，受验者感觉环境稍不舒
15、适。 ） There is little doubt that the equivalent environment in an office would be regarded as intolerable. （毫无疑问，在办公室里的等效环境将被认为是不能容忍的。 ） However, the subjects knew they were in a physiological laboratory, were expecting to sweat, and did not object strongly to the experience. （但是，受试者知道他们在胜利实验室，他们期待汗水
16、，并没有强烈反对这种经验 。 ）11. Efficiency Is Fashionable Again（效率又流行起来了）Two basic types of cogeneration systems are available(热电联产系统的两个基本类型是可用的 ): (1) topping system, which produces electricity and exhausts thermal energy which is used for district heating or comparable functions.（一流的系统，生产电力和废气热能，这是用于区域供热或类似功能
17、。 ） (2) bottoming system, which produces thermal energy for an industrial process or district heating and part of the thermal energy is withdrawn to generate electricity. （底部系统，产生热能用于工业或区域供热，以部分的热能要转回产生热能。 ） Each system has particular equipment requirements. （每个系统都有特定的设备要求。 ） Which system is used de
18、pends on the special need sand situation of the user.（使用哪种系统取决于用户需求和情况。）12. Refrigeration （制冷）It is convenient to classify the applications of refrigeration into the following categories（可以把制冷的应用很方便的分为以下几类）: domestic, commercial, industrial, and air conditioning.（住宅，商业，工业和空调。） Sometimes transportati
19、on is listed as a separate category.（有时候，交通被列为单独的一类。 ） Domestic refrigeration is used for food preparation and preservation, ice making, and cooling beverages in the household.（家用制冷是用于视频加工和保鲜，制冰，和在家庭中的冷却饮料。 ） Commercial refrigeration is used in retail stores, restaurants, and institutions, for purpo
20、ses the same as those in the household.（商用制冷是用于零售商店，餐馆和机构，目的是和家用制冷相同。 ） Industrial refrigeration in the food industry is needed in processing, preparation, and large-scale reservation.（在食品工业方面的工业制冷是满足加工，制备，和大型预定方面的需求。 ） This includes use in food chilling and freezing plants, cold storage warehouses,
21、 breweries, and dairies, to name a few.（这包括在食物中的冷却和冷冻厂，冷藏仓库，酿酒，乳制品等方面的应用。 ） Hundreds of other industries use refrigeration; among them are ice making plants, oil refineries, pharmaceuticals.（数以百计的行业使用制冷，其中有制冰厂，炼油厂，制药厂。 ） Of course ice skating rinks need refrigeration.（当然，溜冰场也需要制冷。 ）The most widespre
22、ad method of producing mechanical refrigeration is called the vapor compression system.（机械制冷生产的最有效的方法就是所谓的蒸汽压缩系统。 ）The equipment may be separate or of the unitary (also called self-contained) type.（该设备可能使单独的或单一（也称为自足）类型。 ）14. Floor Heating: Achieving Thermal Comfort in Artificial Environments（地板采暖：实
23、现人工环境的热舒适性）We have touched on improvements in building standards but no amount of insulation can change the laws of physics-heat still rises. （我们已经提及了改善建筑标准，但是没有任何绝热的量可以改变热损失的不断上升。 ）Efficient insulation will, however, serve to trap heat above head level in an area where it can make no contribution t
24、o human comfort. （然而，高效保温服务于保留热量在一个区域的热水平内，它可以对人们舒适度不做任何贡献。 ） Solving this problem involves a close study of the three types of heat available to us.（解决这个问题，涉及到关于热量供应的三个类型的一个已经完成的研究。 ） Radiant heat provides the most pleasurable sensation of comfort.（热辐射，提高了舒适的愉悦感。 ） It contributes to the exhilaratio
25、n of a walk in the spring sunshine even through the ambient air temperature may be only a few degrees above freezing. （它有助于使走在春天的阳光里很高兴，即使周围的空气温度只有零上几摄氏度。 ） We humans also respond well to conducted heat-thecat-like pleasure that comes from the warmth of a hot water bottle or just cuddling up to anot
26、her person.（我们人类对于像猫一样导热会有良好的回应，很高兴热量来自暖水袋或者只是蜷缩着身子躺在另外一个人的身边。 ） Lastly, there is convected heat caused by the effects of the radiation and conduction warming the air and causing it to rise.（最后，对流换热所导致的辐射影响和传导变暖的空气，使其上升。 ）By using all three types of heat in association we can achieve very high level
27、s of thermal comfort.（通过协会所使用的三种类型的热，我们可以达到非常高水平的热舒适性能。 ） The normal criterion for heating design is to achieve a specified air temperature against the given heat loss of the building at a specified outside ambient temperature. （采暖设计的一般准则，是实现指定的空气温度针对指定的外界环境温度的建筑热损失。 ） When designing a floor heating
28、 system, however, lower air temperatures may be acceptable because of the higher level of overall radiation and the added benefit of conduction from warm, friendly floors.（然而，当设计地板采暖系统，较低的气温是可以被接受的，这是因为较高的整体辐射和来自地面暖和的友好的热传导所引起额外的好处。 ）17. Operation and Maintenance of the Airconditioning plant（操作和维修的空
29、调厂）The basis of any planned maintenance scheme is a filing system whereby the checks and services to be carried out on any piece of plant come to light at the appropriate time. （任何计划的维修方案的基础都是一个备案系统，任何一部分设备在合适的时候都要进行检查和服务。 ）This can be done by a card index system or by using a computer. （这可以用卡片索引系统或者计算机来做。 ）When staff complete a piece of maintenance they ought to note down anything which they see to be in need of attention or likely to be in need of attention in the near future, such as a bearing running hot which would eventually fail. （在工作人员完成维修后，他们应该标明他们觉得应该注意什么或者在不久的将来什么可能需要注意。 ）
