1、Casting 铸造 Sand Casting 砂型铸造 Investment Casting 熔模铸造 Centrifugal Casting 离心铸造 Inspection of Casting 铸件检验 Forging and Die 铸造与模具 Open-die Forging 开式模锻或自由锻 Impression-die and Closed-die Forging 模锻和闭式锻Precision Forging 精密锻 Die Manufacturing Method 模具制造方法 Conventional Machining Processes 常规机械加工工艺milling
2、铣削 Drilling and Drill Press 钻削和钻床Nontraditional Machining Processes 特种加工工艺Electrochemical Machining (ECM) 电化学加工Machining(CM)化学加工 Electrical Discharge Machining(EDM)电火花加工(EDM) Chemical Laser Beam Machining (LBM) 激光加工Ultrasonic Machining (USM) 超声波加工Tolerances and Fits 公差与配合Size: 大小、尺寸 Allowance: 允差 Fi
3、t:配合 Nominal size(basic size): 公称尺寸 Limit size: 极限尺寸 Actual size: 实际尺寸 Deviations：偏差 Allowance：允差 Bilateral Tolerances: 双边公差 Unilateral Tolerances: 单边公差Clearance fit 间隙配合 Interference fit 过盈配合 limit size极限尺寸 Transition fit 过渡配合Polymers 聚合物 gear 齿轮 composites 复合材料 ferrous metals 黑色金属 nonferrous metal
4、s 有色金属 engineering materials 工程材料 manufacturing 制造 engineering materials 工程材料 Ferrous Metals and Alloys 黑色金属与合金 composite materials 复合材料 Ceramics 陶瓷 Oxide Ceramics 氧化物陶瓷Carbides 碳化物 Nitrides 氮化物 Cermets 金属陶瓷 Bioceramics 生物陶瓷 forging 锻造welding 焊接 machining 机加工net-shape manufacturing technologies 成形制造
5、技术mold cavity 模腔 Sand Casting A sprue 直注口 Expendable-pattern Casting 发泡模铸造 dimensional accuracy 尺寸精度heat treatment 热处理 net-shape 净成型near-net shape 近净成型machining 精加工 operations 工艺步骤 lathes 车床 turning 车削grinding 磨削residual stresses 残余应力 wire erosion 线切割 tool feed 刀具进给 boring 钻孔 internal turning 内圆车削 f
6、acing 端面车削parting 分断车削 threading 车螺纹 frictional 摩擦 engine lathes 普通车床 vertical lathes 立式车床 universal lathes万能车床 special-purpose 专业车床 Face Milling 端面铣削(平铣) engineering drawing 工程图纸 Dimensional deviations 尺寸偏差Shape deviations 形状偏差 Position deviations 位置偏差Surface roughness deviations 表面粗糙度偏差For industr
7、ial purpose, materials can be divided into engineering materials and non-engineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacturing and will become parts of products through definite processing. In generally, engineering materials may be further subdivided into metals, ceramics, co
8、mposites and polymers.工业生产上，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。工程材料指的是被用于制造且通过一定的工艺将成为产品一部分的这类材料。一般来讲，工程材料可以继续细分为金属、陶瓷、复合材料和聚合物。The traditional methods of casting metals is in sand molds and has been used for millennia. Simple stated, sand casting consist of (1) placing a pattern having the shape of the desired castin
9、g in sand to make an imprint, (2) incorporating a gating system, (3) filling the resulting cavity with molten metal, (4) allowing the metal to cool until it solidifies, (5) breaking away the sand mold, and (6) removing the casting.传统的铸造金属的方法是在砂模中进行的，且已经被应用了几千年。简单来讲，砂型铸造包括(1)将一个具有想要铸造的形状的母模置于砂中来制造出痕迹
10、；(2)包含一内浇口；(3)将熔融金属充满腔体；(4)冷却金属直到凝固；(5)打开砂模；(6)移出铸件。Several different methods, such as casting, forging, welding and machining are available to shape metals into useful products. Customarily, casting, forging, welding etc. are refer to as forming processes which generally use molds, dies or other to
11、oling to force the molten metal or metal blanks shaped into final parts. Machining (including turning, milling, shaping, grinding and drilling, etc.), however, means remove the unwanted material from the blank surface in the form of chips with cutting tools or other physical and chemical means 许多不同的
12、方法，例如铸造、锻造、焊接以及机加工，都可以用来将金属塑造为有用的产品。人们习惯将铸、锻、焊称为成形加工。这种工艺通常要采用模具和某些工艺装备迫使熔融金属或者毛坯成形为最终零件。而机加工(包括车、铣、刨、磨、钻等)是采用刀具或其他物理、化学手段将毛坯表面不需要的部分以切削的形式去除掉。Traditional or conventional machining, such as turning, milling, and grinding etc., uses mechanical energy to shear against another substance to create holes
13、 or remove material. Nontraditional machining processes are defined as a group of processes that remove excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy or combinations of these energies but do not use sharp cutting tool as it is used in traditional
14、manufacturing processes. 传统或常规机械加工，比如车削、铣削及磨削等，用机械能剪切另一种物质来创建孔或去除材料。特种加工工艺是这样一种工艺，它不像传统的制造工艺中使用锋利的刀具，而是以各种机械能、热能、电或化学能或这些能量组合来去除额外的材料。Forging is a process in which the workpiece is shaped by compressive forces applied through various dies and tools. It is one of the oldest metalworking operations, d
15、ating back at least to 4000B.C.-perhaps as far back as 8000B.C. Forging was first used to make jewelry, coins, and various implements by hammering metal with tools made of stone 锻造是这样一种工艺，通过各种模具和工具对工件施加压力，使工件成形。它是最古老的金属加工操作中的一种，至少可以追溯到公元前 4000 年，或许甚至追溯到公元前 8000 年。锻造最初是用石头做的工具敲打金属，来制造珠宝、硬币和各种器具。Toler
16、ance is the total amount that a specific dimension is permitted to vary. It is the difference between the maximum and the minimum limits for the dimension. To understand tolerance, we should understand some of the definitions associated with the determination of a tolerance. These definitions may be generally categorized as relating to size, allowance, or fit. 公差是一个特定的尺寸允许变化的总量。它是最大和最小极限尺寸的差值。理解公差，我们应该了解一些与公差测定相关的定义。这些定义一般可分为与大小、允差、或者配合等有关的几种类型。
